Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication Page......Page 4
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
How to Use This Text......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Section I An Overview......Page 22
Disease......Page 24
Pathology......Page 25
Manifestations of Disease......Page 26
Functional Diseases......Page 27
The Care of Patients......Page 28
Obstacles to Patient Care......Page 29
The Structure of This Text......Page 30
Practice Questions......Page 31
References......Page 32
Causes of Death (Mortality)......Page 34
Causes and Measures of Disability (Morbidity)......Page 36
Aging......Page 38
Practice Questions......Page 39
References......Page 40
Chapter 3 Diagnostic Resources......Page 42
Asymptomatic Disease......Page 43
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures......Page 44
Radiologic Procedures......Page 45
Anatomic Pathology Tests and Procedures......Page 48
Clinical Pathology Tests and Procedures......Page 49
Practice Questions......Page 51
Section II Basic Disease Processes......Page 54
Chapter 4 Adaptation, Injury, Inflammation, and Repair......Page 56
Review of Structure and Function......Page 57
Adaptation......Page 60
Atrophy......Page 62
Reversible and Irreversible Injury......Page 63
Acute Inflammation......Page 66
Chronic Inflammation......Page 72
Transudates and Exudates......Page 74
Clinical Appearance of Acute and Chronic Inflammation......Page 75
Accumulations......Page 76
Repair......Page 78
Practice Questions......Page 80
Chapter 5 Neoplasia......Page 84
Definitions......Page 85
Frequency and Significance......Page 87
Cancer Is a Disease of Genes......Page 88
Transformation......Page 90
Carcinogenesis Is a Multistep Process......Page 93
Causes of Altered Gene Expression......Page 95
The Natural History of Cancer......Page 97
Invasion and Metastasis......Page 98
Stage: Prognosis and Treatment......Page 100
Clinical Detection: Screening and Diagnosis......Page 104
Diagnosis......Page 107
Risk Factors......Page 108
Death......Page 109
Practice Questions......Page 110
Chapter 6 Genetic and Developmental Diseases......Page 114
Review of Structure and Function......Page 115
Definitions......Page 117
Monogenetic Diseases......Page 119
Environmental Factors......Page 121
Fetal Diseases......Page 122
Genetic Diseases......Page 123
Genetic Diseases......Page 124
Embryonic Anomalies......Page 128
Fetal Diseases......Page 129
Practice Questions......Page 130
Reference......Page 131
Section III Major Organ-Related Diseases......Page 132
Chapter 7 Vascular System and Hemodynamics......Page 134
Review of Structure and Function......Page 135
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 138
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 139
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 140
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 141
Organ Failure......Page 154
Practice Questions......Page 155
Chapter 8 Heart......Page 156
Review of Structure and Function......Page 157
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 158
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 159
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 161
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 164
Organ Failure......Page 170
Practice Questions......Page 172
Chapter 9 Hematopoietic System......Page 174
Review of Structure and Function......Page 175
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 177
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 178
Anemias in General......Page 180
Hemolytic Anemias......Page 181
Anemias with Decreased Red Blood Cell Production......Page 184
Disorders of Platelets......Page 186
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 187
Practice Questions......Page 189
Chapter 10 Bleeding and Clotting Disorders......Page 192
Review of Structure and Function......Page 193
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 195
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 197
Disorders Characterized by Hemorrhage......Page 198
Disorders Characterized by Thrombosis......Page 201
Practice Questions......Page 203
Chapter 11 Lung......Page 204
Anatomy......Page 205
Acid–Base Balance......Page 206
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 209
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 211
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 213
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 226
Practice Questions......Page 229
Chapter 12 Oral Region, Upper Respiratory Tract, and Ear......Page 232
Review of Structure and Function......Page 233
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 234
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 235
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 236
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 243
Organ Failure......Page 244
Practice Questions......Page 245
Chapter 13 Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 246
Review of Structure and Function......Page 247
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 249
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 250
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 252
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 254
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 265
Organ Failure......Page 268
Practice Questions......Page 269
Chapter 14 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas......Page 272
Review of Structure and Function......Page 273
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 275
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 276
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 277
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 284
Cirrhosis......Page 285
Practice Questions......Page 288
Chapter 15 Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract......Page 290
Review of Structure and Function......Page 291
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 294
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 297
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 299
Organ Failure......Page 309
Practice Questions......Page 310
Reference......Page 311
Chapter 16 Male Genital Organs......Page 312
Review of Structure and Function......Page 313
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 314
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 315
Inflammatory/Degenerative Conditions......Page 317
Hyperplastic/Neoplastic Diseases......Page 319
Practice Questions......Page 323
Reference......Page 324
Chapter 17 Female Genital Organs......Page 326
Review of Structure and Function......Page 327
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 329
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 330
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 332
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 338
Diseases of Pregnancy......Page 343
Organ Failure......Page 347
Practice Questions......Page 348
Review of Structure and Function......Page 350
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 351
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 352
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 353
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 354
Practice Questions......Page 360
Chapter 19 Skin......Page 362
Review of Structure and Function......Page 363
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 364
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 365
Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases......Page 366
Benign and Malignant Neoplasms......Page 373
Practice Questions......Page 378
Chapter 20 Eye......Page 380
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 381
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 382
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 383
Practice Questions......Page 388
Chapter 21 Bones and Joints......Page 390
Review of Structure and Function......Page 391
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 393
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 394
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 397
Organ Failure......Page 406
Practice Questions......Page 407
Review of Structure and Function......Page 408
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 410
Genetic/Developmental Diseases......Page 411
Inflammatory/Degenerative Diseases......Page 413
Practice Questions......Page 415
Chapter 23 Central Nervous System......Page 416
Review of Structure and Function......Page 417
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 418
Inflammatory Diseases......Page 420
Vascular Disease and Trauma......Page 422
Degenerative Diseases......Page 425
Neoplastic Diseases......Page 428
Practice Questions......Page 430
Chapter 24 Mental Illness......Page 432
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 433
Specific Diseases......Page 434
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders......Page 435
Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive, Trauma-Related, and Stressor-Related Disorders......Page 436
Schizophrenia......Page 437
Neurodevelopmental Disorders......Page 438
Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 439
Reference......Page 440
Chapter 25 Endocrine System......Page 442
Review of Structure and Function......Page 443
Diseases of the Pituitary Gland......Page 445
Diseases of the Thyroid Gland......Page 447
Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands......Page 450
Diseases of the Adrenal Glands......Page 452
Diseases of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans......Page 454
Practice Questions......Page 457
Section IV Multiple Organ System Diseases......Page 460
Chapter 26 Infectious Diseases......Page 462
Microbe–Host Interactions......Page 463
The Body’s Defense Mechanisms......Page 464
Most Frequent and Serious Infectious Diseases......Page 465
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 466
Bacterial Infections......Page 467
Viral Infections......Page 474
Fungal Infections......Page 482
Protozoal Diseases......Page 484
Helminth Infections......Page 487
Practice Questions......Page 489
Chapter 27 Immunologic Diseases......Page 492
Review of Structure and Function......Page 493
Classification of Immunologic Diseases......Page 495
Symptoms, Signs, and Tests......Page 497
Anaphylactic-Atopic Allergies (Type I)......Page 499
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivities (Type II)......Page 501
Immune Complex Hypersensitivities (Type III)......Page 502
Delayed, or Cell-Mediated, Hypersensitivities (Type IV)......Page 503
Autoimmune Diseases......Page 504
Practice Questions......Page 505
Chapter 28 Physical Injury......Page 508
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 509
Missile Wounds......Page 510
Types of Major Body Trauma......Page 512
Excessive Heat Exposure......Page 513
X-Radiation and Gamma Radiation......Page 514
Practice Questions......Page 515
Modes of Chemical Injury......Page 516
Accidental Exposure in Children......Page 517
Manifestations of Chemical Injury......Page 519
Cleaning Agents......Page 520
Adverse Drug Reactions......Page 521
Drug Abuse and Addiction......Page 522
Practice Questions......Page 524
Chapter 30 Nutritional Disorders......Page 526
Review of Function......Page 527
Most Frequent and Serious Problems......Page 531
Undernutrition......Page 532
Deficiencies and Excesses of Specific Vitamins and Minerals......Page 536
Immune-Mediated Disorders......Page 538
Enzyme Deficiencies......Page 539
Obesity......Page 541
Reference......Page 543
Glossary......Page 544
Index......Page 594