Introduction to human communication: perception, meaning, and identity

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
 The Philosophy of This Text......Page 20
 Pedagogical Features......Page 21
  Online Learning......Page 22
  For Instructors......Page 23
 Acknowledgments......Page 24
1. The Communication Process: Perception, Meaning, and Identity......Page 28
 The Process of Creating Meaning......Page 29
  The Evolution of Communication Models......Page 30
  Transmissional, Constitutive, and Ritual Views of Communication......Page 32
 The Power of Culture......Page 34
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Communicating Well to Land the Job......Page 35
 Communication and Perception......Page 36
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION......Page 38
 Signs and Symbols......Page 39
 Communication and Identity......Page 42
  Symbolic Interaction and the Looking Glass......Page 43
  Frame Analysis......Page 44
 What Does Communication Give You the Power to Do?......Page 47
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 49
 Questions for Discussion......Page 50
2. Communication Research and Inquiry......Page 52
  Defining Theory......Page 53
  Scientific Inquiry......Page 56
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: The Benefits of Critical Thinking......Page 57
 Three Philosophical Questions that Shape Scientific Inquiry......Page 58
  Postpositivist Theory and Research......Page 60
  Critical Theory and Research......Page 62
 Tools of Observation: Research Methods......Page 64
  Experiments......Page 65
  Surveys......Page 66
  Mixing Methods and Traditions......Page 68
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Where Do You Draw the Line?......Page 70
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 71
 Questions for Discussion......Page 72
3. Verbal Communication......Page 74
 The Structure of Language......Page 75
 Language and Thought......Page 77
  Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis......Page 78
  Metaphor......Page 79
  The Ladder of Abstraction......Page 81
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: War! What Is It Good For?......Page 82
 The Functions of Language......Page 83
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Speaking Well to Do Well......Page 84
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Lying......Page 85
  Situational, Social, and Cultural Meaning......Page 87
  Syntactic Ambiguity......Page 89
  Euphemisms......Page 90
 Language and Protecting Self-Identity: Politeness Theory......Page 91
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Speaking Inclusively......Page 92
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 93
 Questions for Discussion......Page 94
4. Nonverbal Communication......Page 96
 What Is Nonverbal Communication?......Page 97
  Similarities to Verbal Communication......Page 98
  Differences from Verbal Communication......Page 99
 Theory of Nonverbal Coding Systems......Page 100
  Proxemics......Page 101
  Haptics......Page 103
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Touching in the Workplace......Page 104
  Chronemics......Page 106
  Kinesics......Page 107
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: How We Spend Our Time......Page 108
  Oculesics......Page 109
  Facial Expressions......Page 110
  Artifacts......Page 111
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Freedom of Expression versus Professional Appearance......Page 112
  Environmental Factors......Page 113
 The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Creating Meaning and Identity......Page 114
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 115
 Questions for Discussion......Page 116
5. Listening......Page 118
 What Is Listening?......Page 119
 Misconceptions About Listening......Page 121
 The Components of Effective Listening......Page 125
 Barriers to Effective Listening......Page 126
  Psychological Noise......Page 127
  External Distractions......Page 129
  Counterproductive Listening Styles......Page 130
 Types of Listening......Page 131
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: The Ethics of Listening......Page 132
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Questioning Our Cultural Speakers......Page 133
 Becoming an Effective Listener......Page 134
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 137
 Questions for Discussion......Page 138
6. Relational and Conflict Communication......Page 140
 The Value of Relationships......Page 141
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Mastering the Soft Skills......Page 142
 The Role of Interpersonal Communication......Page 143
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: It Takes Two to Tango, but Someone Has to Lead......Page 144
 Developing and Maintaining Relationships......Page 145
  Uncertainty Reduction Theory......Page 146
  Social Penetration Theory......Page 147
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Beauty Is Only Screen Deep......Page 148
  Social Exchange Theory......Page 151
  Relational Dialectics Theory......Page 152
 Interpersonal Communication and Conflict......Page 154
  Types of Conflict......Page 156
  Stages of Interpersonal Conflict......Page 157
  Conflict Management Styles......Page 158
  What to Do......Page 160
  What Not to Do......Page 162
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Sugar-Coated Hostility......Page 163
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 164
 Key Terms......Page 165
 Questions for Discussion......Page 166
7. Communicating in Small Groups......Page 168
 Types of Groups......Page 169
 Dynamics of Group Structure......Page 170
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Forming a Group......Page 171
  Structuration Theory......Page 173
  The Five Stages of Group Development......Page 174
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: You Make the Rules......Page 175
  Group Cohesion and Breakdown......Page 177
  Systems Theory......Page 178
 Leadership and Power......Page 179
  Styles of Leadership......Page 180
  Forms of Power......Page 181
 Improving Your Group Communication Skills......Page 184
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: 12 Cs for Successful Teamwork......Page 185
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 186
 Questions for Discussion......Page 188
8. Organizational Communication......Page 190
 Defining Organizational Communication......Page 191
 Types and Movement of Organizational Messages......Page 192
  Upward Messages......Page 193
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Could You Blow the Whistle?......Page 194
  Horizontal Messages......Page 195
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Status Update: I’ve Just Been Fired......Page 197
 The Organization as a System......Page 198
 Positive and Negative Organizational Communication Traits......Page 200
 Organizational Climate and Culture......Page 202
 COMMUNICATIONS IN THE WORKPLACE: Dealing with On-the-Job Conflict......Page 203
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Doing Well by Doing Good......Page 205
  Strong Organizational Cultures......Page 206
  Dealing with Diversity in an Organizational Culture......Page 207
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 209
 Questions for Discussion......Page 210
9. Intercultural Communication......Page 212
 What Is Intercultural Communication?......Page 213
 Obstacles to Intercultural Communication......Page 214
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Stereotyping versus Generalizing......Page 215
  Social Identity Theory......Page 217
  Identity Negotiation Theory......Page 218
 Accelerators of Intercultural Communication......Page 219
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Cultural Participation......Page 221
 How Cultural Values Shape Communication......Page 222
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Improving On-the-Job Intercultural Communication......Page 224
 Attitudes Toward Diversity and the Problem with Tolerance......Page 227
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 231
 Questions for Discussion......Page 232
10. Mass Communication......Page 234
 What Is Mass Communication?......Page 235
  Why Study Mass Communication?......Page 236
  Interpersonal Communication versus Mass Communication......Page 237
 Culture, Communication, and Mass Media......Page 240
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: The Third-Person Effect......Page 242
 Characteristics of Media Consumers......Page 244
 Characteristics of Media Industries......Page 246
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: The Role of the Photojournalist......Page 247
 Theories of Mass Communication......Page 251
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Media Conduct......Page 254
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 256
 Questions for Discussion......Page 257
11. Media Literacy......Page 260
 What Is Media Literacy?......Page 261
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Careers in Media Literacy......Page 262
  Media Literacy Scholarship......Page 263
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Advertising to Children......Page 265
  Some Core Concepts of Media Literacy......Page 267
 Media Literacy Questions......Page 269
  Characteristics of Media-Literate People......Page 271
  The Skill of Being Media Literate......Page 276
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Being a Proactive Media Consumer......Page 277
  Media Literacy and Identity......Page 278
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Countering the Kinderculture......Page 279
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 280
 Questions for Review......Page 281
 Questions for Discussion......Page 282
12. Social Media and Communication Technologies......Page 284
 The Promise and Peril of New Communication Technologies......Page 285
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Social Media, Social Connection, and Social Power......Page 287
 A Connected World......Page 288
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Who Owns the Social Networking You?......Page 290
 The Dark Side of New Communication Technologies......Page 291
  Addiction......Page 292
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Internet Addiction Self-Diagnosis......Page 293
  Distraction......Page 294
  Social Network Sites and Identity Construction and Maintenance......Page 296
  The Internet and Interpersonal Communication......Page 300
  Social Isolation......Page 304
  Shy and Popular Users......Page 305
  Self-Disclosure and Relational Development......Page 306
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 307
 Questions for Discussion......Page 308
13. Persuasion and Social Influence......Page 310
 What Is Persuasion?......Page 311
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: Four Dos and Four Don’ts of Workplace Persuasion......Page 313
 Values, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors......Page 314
  Balance Theory......Page 316
  Dissonance Theory......Page 317
 The Selective Processes......Page 318
 What Factors Infuence Persuasion?......Page 319
  Source Characteristics......Page 320
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: The Federal Trade Commission and Advertiser Credibility......Page 322
  Message Characteristics......Page 324
  Receiver Characteristics......Page 325
 The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion......Page 327
 Processes of Attitude Change......Page 330
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: The TARES Test......Page 332
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 333
 Questions for Discussion......Page 334
14. Health Communication......Page 336
 Communication and a Long and Healthy Life......Page 337
 Health Communication in Provider-Client Settings......Page 340
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Speak Up......Page 346
  Friends and Family......Page 348
  Hospital Culture......Page 350
  Entertainment Mass Media......Page 352
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising......Page 354
 Health Communication and the Internet......Page 355
 Health Communication Campaigns......Page 357
 PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: The Health Belief Model......Page 359
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 360
 Questions for Review......Page 361
 Questions for Discussion......Page 362
15. Public Speaking: An Overview......Page 364
 The Importance of Public Speaking......Page 365
 COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE: On-the-Job Public Speaking......Page 367
 SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION: Political Satire in Contemporary Culture......Page 368
 Types of Speeches......Page 369
 A Crash Course in Public Speaking......Page 371
 Identifying the Steps of Speech Preparation......Page 377
 ETHICAL COMMUNICATION: Plagiarism and Public Speaking......Page 379
 Overcoming Public Speaking Anxiety......Page 380
 Review of Learning Objectives......Page 384
 Questions for Review......Page 385
 Questions for Discussion......Page 386
Glossary......Page 388
References......Page 398
Credits......Page 416
Index......Page 418