Introduction to Grid Computing

Introduction to Grid Computing......Page 5
Warranty......Page 7
Preface......Page 8
List of Tables......Page 13
List of Figures......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Appendix C: Advanced Installation of gLite......Page 0
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2 Grid versus Other Distributed Systems......Page 22
1.3.2 Fault Tolerance and Reliability......Page 23
1.3.5 Quality of Service (QoS)......Page 24
1.4 Grid Architecture: Basic Concepts......Page 25
1.4.3 Data Management......Page 26
1.5.1 Web Services......Page 27
1.5.2 Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)......Page 28
1.5.5 OGSA-DAI......Page 29
1.6.1 American Projects......Page 30
1.6.2 European Projects......Page 31
1.6.3 Asian Projects......Page 33
References......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2.1 Static Data and Dynamic Data......Page 38
2.3.1 Data Replication Management......Page 39
2.3.2 Metadata Management......Page 40
2.3.4 Data Transport......Page 41
2.3.7 Data Synchronization......Page 42
2.3.9 Data Access and Storage Management......Page 44
2.4 Metadata Service in Grids......Page 45
2.4.1 Metadata Types......Page 46
2.5 Replication......Page 48
2.6 Effective Data Transfer......Page 51
References......Page 53
3.1 Introduction......Page 55
3.2 Job Mapping and Scheduling......Page 56
3.2.1 Mapping Heuristics......Page 57
3.2.1.2 Fast Greedy or Minimum Completion Time (MCT)......Page 58
3.2.1.5 Min-Min......Page 59
3.2.1.7 Genetic Algorithm (GA)......Page 60
3.2.2 Scheduling Algorithms and Strategies......Page 61
3.2.2.2 Backfilling Algorithm......Page 62
3.2.2.3 List Scheduling Algorithms......Page 63
3.2.3 Data-Intensive Service Scheduling......Page 64
3.3 Service Monitoring and Discovery......Page 67
3.3.1.1 Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS)......Page 68
3.3.1.2 Relational Grid Monitoring Architecture (R-GMA)......Page 70
3.3.2 Aggregate Directory......Page 71
3.3.3 Grid Information Service Data Model......Page 72
3.3.4 Grid Service Discovery......Page 75
3.4 Grid Workflow......Page 76
3.4.1 Grid Workflow Management System (GWFMS)......Page 77
3.4.1.1 Workflow Design......Page 78
3.4.1.3 Workflow Scheduling......Page 79
3.4.1.5 Intermediate Data Movement......Page 81
3.4.2.1 GridAnt......Page 82
3.4.2.2 Grid Workflow Description Language......Page 84
3.4.2.3 Grid Services Flow Language......Page 87
3.4.3 Workflow Scheduling Algorithms......Page 89
3.5 Fault Tolerance in Grids......Page 92
3.5.1 Fault Tolerance Techniques......Page 93
Separation Between Failure-Handling and Application-Specific Logic......Page 94
3.5.1.2 Job Replication......Page 95
3.5.1.3 Proactive Fault Tolerance......Page 96
Application and Operating System Fault Tolerance......Page 97
3.5.2 A Framework for Fault Tolerance in Grids......Page 98
References......Page 101
4.1.1 Authentication......Page 106
4.1.3 Confidentiality......Page 107
4.2 Trust and Security in a Grid Environment......Page 108
4.2.1.1 Public Key Infrastructure......Page 109
4.2.1.2 Kerberos......Page 112
Key Components of Kerberos Authentication System......Page 113
Cross-Realm Authentication in Kerberos......Page 117
Disadvantages of Kerberos Authentication Protocol......Page 119
4.2.1.3 Grid Security Infrastructure......Page 120
SAML and Globus GridMap File......Page 121
Message Protection......Page 122
4.2.2.1 Web Services Security......Page 123
Introduction to OGSA......Page 125
OGSA Security Model......Page 127
4.3 Getting Started with GSI......Page 130
4.3.1 Getting a Certificate......Page 131
4.3.2 Managing Credentials......Page 132
4.3.3 Proxy Certificates......Page 134
4.3.3.1 Format of a Proxy Certificate......Page 135
4.3.3.2 Generation of Proxy Certificates......Page 136
References......Page 137
5.1 Overview of Grid Middleware......Page 141
5.2.1 Elementary Services......Page 143
5.2.2 Advanced Services......Page 144
5.3.1.1 UNICORE Middleware......Page 145
5.3.1.2 Legion Middleware......Page 147
5.3.2.1 Condor Middleware......Page 150
5.3.2.2 Nimrod-G Middleware......Page 152
5.3.3.1 NInf/NInf-G Middleware......Page 155
5.3.3.2 NetSolve Middleware......Page 157
NetSolve Servers......Page 158
Problem Description File......Page 159
5.3.4.1 XtremWeb Middleware......Page 160
5.3.5 Grid Portals......Page 161
Security Issues......Page 162
Portal and Portlet......Page 163
Portlet-Based Web Portal: GridSphere......Page 164
References......Page 165
6.2 Security in Grid Projects......Page 168
6.2.1 Security in Virtual Organizations......Page 169
6.2.2 Realization of Security Mechanisms in Grid Projects......Page 170
6.3 Data Management in Grid Projects......Page 172
DataGrid......Page 175
BioGrid......Page 177
EGEE......Page 178
D-Grid......Page 179
SDG......Page 180
6.4 Information Services in Grid Projects......Page 181
CrossGrid......Page 184
CNGrid......Page 185
DataGrid......Page 186
EGEE......Page 188
ChinaGrid......Page 189
6.6 Grid Applications......Page 190
6.6.4 Earth Observation and Climatology......Page 192
6.6.5 Other Applications......Page 193
References......Page 195
7.2 Fundamentals of the Monte Carlo Method......Page 198
7.3.1 Random Number Generator......Page 199
7.3.3 Parallel Random Number Generator......Page 200
7.3.4 Parallel Computation of Trajectories......Page 201
How is Monte Carlo used in finance?......Page 202
Monte Carlo Method and Grid Computing......Page 203
Interest of Grids for Financial Institutions......Page 204
European Options......Page 205
Stochastic Process......Page 206
Sequential Generation of Random Numbers with gLite......Page 207
Parallel Generation of Random Numbers with gLite......Page 209
Parallel Simulation of Trajectories with gLite......Page 212
Parallel Simulation of Trajectories with Globus......Page 215
7.5.1 Nuclear Reactor-Related Criticality Calculations......Page 218
7.5.3 Monte Carlo Methods for Grid Computing......Page 219
References......Page 221
8.2.1 Data Parallelization......Page 223
8.2.2 Time Parallelization......Page 225
Mathematical Formulation......Page 226
Sequential Solution of the Heat Equation......Page 227
Parallel Solution of the Heat Equation......Page 229
8.3 Application to Options Pricing in Computational Finance......Page 230
8.3.1 Black and Scholes Equation......Page 231
8.3.3 Parallel Solution of Black and Scholes Equation......Page 233
References......Page 238
A.1 Overview of Globus Toolkit 4......Page 240
A.2 Installation of Globus......Page 241
RFT Configuration......Page 242
Configuration......Page 243
Mutual Authentication......Page 244
Securing Private Keys......Page 245
Data Movement Components: GridFTP and Reliable File Transfer (RFT) Service......Page 246
A.4.3 Job Submission (GRAM)......Page 247
Index Service......Page 248
A.5.2 Staging Files......Page 249
Data Transfer......Page 250
Job Submission......Page 252
Collecting Output and Cleaning Files......Page 253
References......Page 254
B.1 Introduction......Page 255
R-GMA Model......Page 256
Grid Resource Information Server (GRIS)......Page 257
Berkeley Database Information Index server (BDII)......Page 258
Task Queue......Page 259
Job Handler......Page 260
To Run a Simple Job......Page 261
To Run a Parallel Job......Page 262
Worker Nodes......Page 263
Transfer Protocol......Page 264
Transport URL (TURL)......Page 265
B.3 Logging and Book-Keeping (LB)......Page 266
B.4 Security Mechanism......Page 268
B.5.1 Initialization......Page 269
B.5.2 Job Paths: From Submission to Collection......Page 270
B.5.3 Job Submission......Page 271
B.5.4 Retrieving Job Status......Page 272
B.5.5 Canceling a Job......Page 273
B.5.6 Collecting Results of a Job......Page 274
References......Page 275
C.1.1 Deployment of gLite......Page 276
During Installation......Page 277
C.2.1 Information and Monitoring System......Page 278
Configuration of R-GMA Server......Page 280
Installation of R-GMA Client......Page 281
Security Settings of R-GMA Service-tool......Page 282
Configuration of R-GMA Service-tool......Page 283
Configuration of R-GMA GadgetIN......Page 284
Installation procedure......Page 285
Configuration......Page 286
Security Settings......Page 287
Configuration......Page 288
Installation Prerequisites......Page 289
Configuration......Page 290
Installation Procedure......Page 291
Oracle JDBC Drivers......Page 292
C.3 Logging and Book-Keeping Server......Page 293
Configuration......Page 294
Installation Procedure......Page 295
Security Settings......Page 296
Configuration......Page 297
Configuration......Page 298
Installation Procedure......Page 299
Configuration......Page 300
Configuration......Page 301
References......Page 303
Glossary......Page 304