Introduction to Global Politics

Cover......Page 2
Half Title......Page 3
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright Page......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 22
A visual tour of Introduction to Global Politics......Page 25
Global change......Page 32
Global continuity and the importance of history......Page 37
Threats and opportunities......Page 41
The plan of the book......Page 43
Part I Thinking theoretically about global politics......Page 46
1 Theoretical approaches to global politics......Page 47
What is theory and why do we need it?......Page 48
Many theories, many meanings......Page 53
The individual......Page 55
The unit......Page 56
The global system......Page 57
The great debates: an introduction to different world views......Page 58
Realism versus liberalism......Page 59
Traditionalism versus science......Page 71
The “Third Debate”: postpositivism and constructivism......Page 74
The agent?structure problem......Page 77
“Anarchy is what states make of it”......Page 79
Marxism and critical theory......Page 80
Feminist international relations......Page 83
Student activities......Page 87
Further reading......Page 88
Part II The past as prologue to the present......Page 90
2 The evolution of the interstate system and alternative global political systems......Page 91
The emergence of the European interstate system......Page 95
The transition from Europe’s Middle Ages......Page 96
Machiavelli’s world: Italy’s city-states......Page 100
On the road to sovereignty......Page 102
From dynastic to popular sovereignty......Page 107
China: the Confucian empire......Page 120
The Caliphate......Page 125
Cracks in the Islamic community......Page 128
Islam and Christendom: the Crusades......Page 130
The Ottoman Empire – Islam versus Europe......Page 131
Conclusion......Page 136
Student activities......Page 137
Further reading......Page 138
3 The world wars......Page 139
Events leading to the Great War......Page 140
German unification and Europe’s diplomatic revolution......Page 141
Arms races, nationalism, and the Balkan imbroglio......Page 146
Crisis diplomacy......Page 147
The final descent to war......Page 149
Explaining the outbreak of World War One......Page 154
Unit-level explanations......Page 155
Global system-level explanations......Page 158
The Peace of Versailles......Page 159
Woodrow Wilson and the Fourteen Points......Page 160
Versailles and the principle of national self-determination......Page 164
The League of Nations and the failure of collective security......Page 166
Origins and controversies......Page 169
The League’s record in securing peace......Page 171
Appeasement and its consequences......Page 172
On the road to Pearl Harbor......Page 177
Explaining the outbreak of World War Two......Page 178
Individual-level explanations......Page 179
Unit-level explanations......Page 180
Global system-level explanations......Page 182
Conclusion......Page 185
Student activities......Page 186
Further reading......Page 187
4 The Cold War......Page 188
Individual-level explanations: Stalin, Churchill, Truman, and Mao......Page 190
Unit-level explanations......Page 191
Communism versus capitalism......Page 192
The Soviet Union: security and ideology......Page 193
Global system-level explanations......Page 196
Bipolarity and the breakdown and the decline of Soviet- American cooperation......Page 197
Spheres of influence and Eastern Europe......Page 198
The division of Germany......Page 200
Theory and the onset of the Cold War......Page 201
Containment......Page 203
NSC-68......Page 208
The “loss” of China......Page 210
The Korean War......Page 212
McCarthyism in America......Page 214
The Vietnam War......Page 215
The Cold War winds down......Page 220
The end of the Cold War......Page 225
Russia since the Cold War......Page 229
Student activities......Page 233
Further reading......Page 234
5 Decolonization and the global south......Page 236
The early conquerors: Spain and Portugal......Page 238
Holland......Page 240
France and Great Britain......Page 241
Late imperialism......Page 242
Gandhi and India’s decolonization movement......Page 248
The Kashmir Dispute......Page 251
Decolonization in Africa......Page 255
British Africa......Page 256
French Africa......Page 258
Portuguese Africa......Page 260
Nonalignment......Page 261
Modernization and postcolonial theory......Page 263
Failed and fragile states......Page 265
South Sudan......Page 267
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)......Page 268
Pakistan......Page 270
Nigeria......Page 273
The BRICS, emerging markets, and global governance......Page 274
Brazil and Latin America......Page 276
India......Page 277
China......Page 278
South Africa......Page 281
Student activities......Page 282
Further reading......Page 283
6 Globalization: the new frontier......Page 285
Features of globalization......Page 288
The declining importance of territory......Page 289
Capitalism and the emergence of a global market......Page 294
The spread of global culture......Page 297
The spread of democratic norms......Page 300
The emergence of global civil society......Page 301
Diffusion of global power......Page 303
The changing nature of security......Page 305
The growing importance of nonstate identities and loyalties......Page 306
The historical roots of globalization......Page 307
Competing perspectives on globalization......Page 309
The anti-globalizers......Page 312
The pro-globalizers......Page 314
The state in decline?......Page 316
The limits of sovereignty......Page 318
Conclusion......Page 323
Student activities......Page 324
Further reading......Page 325
Part III Living dangerously in a dangerous world......Page 326
7 Great issues in contemporary global politics......Page 327
The nuclear proliferation regime......Page 328
Dangers of horizontal proliferation......Page 331
India and Pakistan......Page 332
North Korea and Iran......Page 333
From hostility to engagement......Page 338
Strategic partners or strategic rivals?......Page 339
Taiwan......Page 340
Military rivalry......Page 341
Sino-American policy interests in North Korea and Iran......Page 343
Human rights......Page 344
Israel and Palestine......Page 345
Palestine after World War One......Page 346
Israel’s wars with its Arab neighbors......Page 348
From crisis to crisis: the Yom Kippur War, Lebanon, and Camp David......Page 351
Oslo and the intifadas......Page 352
The Gaza imbroglio......Page 354
Impediments to peace......Page 356
US?Israeli relations: from Bush to Obama......Page 359
Fundamentalism......Page 360
The Iranian revolution and its consequences......Page 363
Saddam Hussein and the Iran?Iraq War......Page 364
Afghanistan and Iraq......Page 365
The Soviet invasion and Islamic resistance......Page 366
The Afghan War......Page 367
The birth of modern Iraq......Page 368
The Persian Gulf War......Page 369
The Iraq War......Page 373
The changing Middle East......Page 378
Conclusion......Page 379
Further reading......Page 380
8 Power in global politics and the causes of war......Page 382
The quest for power and influence......Page 383
The purposes of power......Page 385
The elements of power......Page 393
The causes of interstate war......Page 397
The individual level: human nature and psychology......Page 398
Decision-makers and war......Page 399
The unit level: foreign policy and war......Page 402
Regime type......Page 403
Economic systems and war......Page 404
Nationalism and public opinion......Page 406
War as a diversion from domestic issues......Page 408
The global system level and war......Page 409
Distribution of power......Page 410
Security dilemmas and arms races......Page 413
Disarmament and arms control......Page 416
The causes of intrastate war......Page 421
Unit-level explanations......Page 422
Economic explanations......Page 423
Security dilemmas......Page 424
The fallout of interstate conflict: the global system level of analysis......Page 425
Foreign intervention......Page 426
Power-sharing......Page 427
Conclusion......Page 428
Student activities......Page 429
Further reading......Page 430
9 Technology and the changing face of warfare......Page 432
War as an extension of politics......Page 434
On the road to absolute war: the world wars......Page 436
Technology and World War One......Page 439
Technology and World War Two......Page 445
Technology and the Cold War standoff......Page 448
Nuclear deterrence in the Cold War......Page 450
Nuclear deterrence today......Page 454
Guerrillas, anti-colonial struggles, and revolutionary war......Page 455
Global terrorism......Page 458
Historical terrorism......Page 459
Contemporary terrorism......Page 461
Al Qaeda and Islamic terrorism......Page 462
The rise of the Islamic State (ISIS)......Page 463
Smart weapons......Page 469
Cyberwar......Page 472
Conclusion......Page 476
Further reading......Page 477
10 Managing conflict: international law and international and transnational organization......Page 479
The “law of nations”......Page 481
Sources and evolution of international law......Page 482
The just war tradition......Page 485
Jus ad bellum......Page 486
Jus in bello......Page 488
International organizations......Page 490
The United Nations......Page 492
The General Assembly......Page 493
The Security Council......Page 494
The Secretariat......Page 495
The International Court of Justice......Page 496
The Economic and Social Council and the specialized agencies......Page 497
The UN and the maintenance of peace......Page 499
Maintaining peace during the Cold War......Page 500
Maintaining peace after the Cold War......Page 507
The UN and the future......Page 509
The European Union (EU)......Page 512
From the end of World War Two to the Schuman Plan......Page 513
The continuing process of European integration......Page 514
A European constitution......Page 518
European (Dis)union?......Page 519
Other regional organizations......Page 520
Conclusion......Page 524
Further reading......Page 525
Part IV Global issues......Page 526
11 Identity politics: nationalism, religion, and ethnicity......Page 527
Conflicting identities and national (dis)unity......Page 529
Divided loyalties?......Page 536
“We” versus “them” in global politics......Page 539
Identities and technological change......Page 541
Manipulating identities......Page 542
Nationalism......Page 550
The bases of nationalism......Page 551
Nations, states, and nation-states......Page 554
The brutal break-up of Yugoslavia......Page 557
Religious identities......Page 563
Ethnic identities......Page 566
A clash of civilizations?......Page 568
Alternative cultural models......Page 573
Conclusion......Page 574
Further reading......Page 575
12 International political economy......Page 577
The beginnings of a global economy......Page 580
Theories of political economy......Page 581
Mercantilism......Page 582
Economic liberalism......Page 586
The evolution of Marxism......Page 590
World systems theory......Page 592
Dépendencia theory......Page 593
The Great Depression......Page 594
The Depression begins......Page 595
The Depression spreads......Page 596
The Bretton Woods institutions......Page 599
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)......Page 600
The World Bank......Page 605
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO)......Page 606
Genetically modified crops......Page 610
Hegemonic stability theory......Page 612
Transnational corporations: engines of global capitalism......Page 613
The global reach of TNCs......Page 614
Criticisms of TNCs......Page 617
Reforming TNCs......Page 620
States and markets......Page 621
The Asian contagion......Page 622
The American contagion......Page 624
China’s economic model......Page 627
Conclusion......Page 628
Student activities......Page 629
Further reading......Page 630
13 Human rights: the individual in global politics......Page 631
The Holocaust and the Genocide Convention......Page 635
The Nuremberg precedent and the evolution of international criminal tribunals......Page 641
The Nuremberg and Japanese trials......Page 642
Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia......Page 645
The Rwandan genocide and civil war in Sierra Leone......Page 647
The International Criminal Court......Page 648
The doctrine of universal jurisdiction......Page 651
Sources of human rights......Page 652
The elaboration of human rights......Page 657
Explanations of human rights abuses......Page 659
Amnesty International......Page 660
Women’s rights as human rights......Page 662
Gender (in)equality......Page 663
Violence against women......Page 665
Reproductive independence......Page 669
Should women have equal rights… everywhere?......Page 671
Conclusion......Page 673
Student activities......Page 674
Further reading......Page 675
14 Human security......Page 676
The concept of human security......Page 678
Poverty and economic development......Page 680
Global dimensions of poverty......Page 681
International institutions and global poverty......Page 683
Debt relief......Page 686
Foreign aid and investment......Page 689
Access to markets......Page 691
Transnational crime......Page 694
Drug trafficking......Page 696
Responses to drug trafficking......Page 697
Money laundering......Page 698
The arms trade......Page 699
The global arms market......Page 700
The black market in weapons of mass destruction......Page 701
Responses to the global arms trade......Page 702
Refugees......Page 704
Undocumented aliens......Page 706
Immigration and demography......Page 708
Human trafficking......Page 709
Epidemics and pandemics......Page 710
HIV/AIDS......Page 712
SARS......Page 714
Ebola......Page 716
Doctors Without Borders......Page 717
Medical tourism......Page 719
Student activities......Page 720
Further reading......Page 721
15 The environment: a global collective good......Page 722
Collective goods and collective fates......Page 724
Population and environment......Page 728
Population trends......Page 730
Increasing conflict?......Page 733
Defusing the population bomb......Page 735
Deteriorating global ecology......Page 738
Fossil fuels and economic development......Page 739
Fossil fuels and the environment......Page 743
Too little food......Page 749
Vanishing forests and encroaching deserts......Page 751
Fishing......Page 754
Fresh water......Page 755
Environmental IGOs......Page 757
Greenpeace......Page 759
Conclusion......Page 760
Student activities......Page 761
Further reading......Page 762
Part V And tomorrow?......Page 763
Epilogue: A future dimly seen......Page 764
A globalized world......Page 766
A world of liberal institutions......Page 768
A world in chaos......Page 772
A realist world......Page 773
Conclusion: an uncertain future......Page 778
Notes......Page 781
Glossary......Page 834
List of illustrations......Page 855
Acknowledgements and permissions......Page 859
Index......Page 865