Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry-Cengage Learning (2019)_compresse

Cover
Contents in Brief
Contents
Preface
About the Cover
Health-Related Topics
Chapter 1: Matter, Energy, and Measurement
	1.1 Chemistry and the Study of Matter
	1.2 The Scientific Method
	1.3 Reporting Numbers in Science
	1.4 Making Measurements
	1.5 Unit Conversions
	1.6 States of Matter
	1.7 Density and Specific Gravity
	1.8 Describing the Various Forms of Energy
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 2: Atoms
	2.1 Composition of Matter
	2.2 Classifying Matter
	2.3 Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory
	2.4 Composition of Atoms
	2.5 The Periodic Table
	2.6 Arrangement of Electrons in an Atom
	2.7 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
	2.8 Periodic Properties
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 3: Chemical Bonds
	3.1 The Octet Rule
	3.2 Naming Anions and Cations
	3.3 The Two Major Types of Chemical Bonds
	3.4 An Ionic Bond
	3.5 Naming Ionic Compounds
	3.6 A Covalent Bond
	3.7 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
	3.8 Resonance
	3.9 Predicting Bond Angles in Covalent Molecules
	3.10 Determining If a Molecule Is Polar
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions and Energy Calculations
	4.1 The Chemical Reaction
	4.2 Balancing Chemical Equations
	4.3 Predicting Whether Ions in Aqueous Solution Will React with Each Other
	4.4 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
	4.5 Formula Weights and Molecular Weights
	4.6 The Mole and Calculating Mass Relationships
	4.7 Calculating Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
	4.8 Describing Heat and the Ways in Which It Is Transferred
	4.9 Heat of Reaction
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 5: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
	5.1 Introduction to the Three States of Matter
	5.2 Gas Pressure and Measurements
	5.3 The Behavior of Gases
	5.4 Avogadro's Law and the Ideal Gas Law
	5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
	5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory
	5.7 Types of Intermolecular Attractive Forces
	5.8 The Behavior of Liquids at the Molecular Level
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 6: Solutions and Colloids
	6.1 Introduction to Mixtures
	6.2 The Most Common Types of Solutions
	6.3 The Distinguishing Characteristics of Solutions
	6.4 Factors Affecting Solubility
	6.5 The Most Common Units for Concentration
	6.6 Water as a Good Solvent
	6.7 Colloids
	6.8 Colligative Properties
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 7: Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium
	7.1 Measuring Reaction Rates
	7.2 Molecular Collisions and Reactions
	7.3 Activation Energy and Reaction Rate
	7.4 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
	7.5 Equilibrium
	7.6 The Equilibrium Constant
	7.7 Le Chatelier's Principle
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 8: Acids and Bases
	8.1 Acids and Bases
	8.2 Defining the Strength of Acids and Bases
	8.3 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
	8.4 The Position of Equilibriumin an Acid-Base Reaction
	8.5 Acid Ionization Constants
	8.6 Properties of Acids and Bases
	8.7 Acidic and Basic Properties of Pure Water
	8.8 pH and pOH
	8.9 Using Titrations to Calculate Concentration
	8.10 Buffers
	8.11 Calculating the pH of a Buffer
	8.12 TRIS, HEPES, and Other Biochemical Buffers
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 9: Nuclear Chemistry
	9.1 Discovery of Radioactivity
	9.2 Defining Radioactivity
	9.3 Nucleus and Radioactivity
	9.4 Nuclear Half-Life
	9.5 Detecting and Measuring Nuclear Radiation
	9.6 Radiation Dosimetry and Human Health
	9.7 Nuclear Medicine
	9.8 Nuclear Fusion
	9.9 Nuclear Fission and Atomic Energy
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 10: Organic Chemistry
	10.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
	10.2 Obtaining Organic Compounds
	10.3 Writing Structural Formulas of Organic Compounds
	10.4 Functional Groups
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 11: Alkanes
	11.1 Introduction to Alkanes
	11.2 Writing Structural Formulas of Alkanes
	11.3 Constitutional Isomers
	11.4 Naming Alkanes
	11.5 Obtaining Alkanes
	11.6 Cycloalkanes
	11.7 Shapes of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	11.8 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
	11.9 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	11.10 Characteristic Reactions of Alkanes
	11.11 Some Important Haloalkanes
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 12: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
	12.1 Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes
	12.2 Structures of Alkenes and Alkynes
	12.3 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
	12.4 Physical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
	12.5 Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes
	12.6 Important Polymerization Reactions of Ethylene and Substituted Ethylenes
	12.7 Structure of Benzene
	12.8 Naming Aromatic Compounds
	12.9 Reactions of Benzene and Its Derivatives
	12.10 Phenols
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 13: Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols
	13.1 Structures, Names, and Physical Properties of Alcohols
	13.2 Characteristic Reactions of Alcohols
	13.3 Structures, Names, and Physical Properties of Ethers
	13.4 Structures, Names, and Physical Properties of Thiols
	13.5 Commercially Important Alcohols
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 14: Chirality: The Handedness of Molecules
	14.1 Enantiomerism
	14.2 Specifying the Configuration of a Stereocenter
	14.3 Possible Stereoisomers for Molecules with Two or More Stereocenters
	14.4 Optical Activity and Chirality in the Laboratory
	14.5 Significance of Chirality in the Biological World
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 15: Amines
	15.1 Structure of Amines
	15.2 Names of Amines
	15.3 Physical Properties of Amines
	15.4 Basicity of Amines
	15.5 Characteristic Reactions of Amines
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 16: Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.1 Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.3 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.4 Characteristic Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.5 Keto-Enol Tautomerism
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 17: Carboxylic Acids
	17.1 Carboxylic Acids
	17.2 Names of Carboxylic Acids
	17.3 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
	17.4 Soaps and Detergents
	17.5 Characteristic Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 18: Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
	18.1 Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
	18.2 Preparation of Esters
	18.3 Preparation of Amides
	18.4 Characteristic Reactions of Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
	18.5 Phosphoric Anhydrides and Phosphoric Esters
	18.6 Step-Growth Polymerization
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 19: Carbohydrates
	19.1 Monosaccharides: The Simplest Carbohydrates
	19.2 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
	19.3 Characteristic Reactions of Monosaccharides
	19.4 Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides
	19.5 Polysaccharides
	19.6 Acidic Polysaccharides
	Chapter Summary
	Summary of Key Reactions
	Problems
Chapter 20: Lipids
	20.1 Importance of Lipids
	20.2 Fatty Acids
	20.3 Triglyceride Structure
	20.4 Properties of Triglycerides
	20.5 Structures of Complex Lipids
	20.6 Lipids and Membrane Structure
	20.7 Glycerophospholipids
	20.8 Sphingolipids
	20.9 Glycolipids
	20.10 Steroids
	20.11 Physiological Roles of Steroid Hormones
	20.12 Bile Salts
	20.13 Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes
	20.14 Molecular Transport across Membranes
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 21: Proteins
	21.1 The Many Functions of Proteins
	21.2 Amino Acids
	21.3 Amino Acids Exist as Zwitterions
	21.4 Amino Acids Combine to Form Proteins
	21.5 Amino Acid Characteristics
	21.6 Uncommon Amino Acids
	21.7 Protein Properties
	21.8 Protein Primary Structure
	21.9 Protein Secondary Structure
	21.10 Protein Tertiary Structure
	21.11 Protein Quaternary Structure
	21.12 Protein Denaturation
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 22: Enzymes
	22.1 Enzymes are Biological Catalysts
	22.2 Enzyme Nomenclature
	22.3 Enzyme Activity
	22.4 Enzyme Mechanisms
	22.5 Enzyme Regulation
	22.6 Enzymes in Medicine
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 23: Chemical Communications: Neurotransmitters and Hormones
	23.1 Cells Communicate in Many Ways
	23.2 Neurotransmitters and Hormones
	23.3 Cholinergic Messengers
	23.4 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
	23.5 Adrenergic Messengers
	23.6 Peptides in Chemical Communications
	23.7 Steroid Hormone Messengers
	23.8 Drugs Affect Chemical Communications
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 24: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity
	24.1 DNA and RNA are the Molecules of Heredity
	24.2 Nucleic Acids
	24.3 The Structure of DNA and RNA
	24.4 RNA Types
	24.5 Genes
	24.6 Medical Applications of RNA
	24.7 DNA Replication
	24.8 DNA Amplification
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 25: Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
	25.1 DNA Leads to RNA and Protein
	25.2 Transcription of DNA
	25.3 Translation of RNA
	25.4 The Genetic Code
	25.5 Protein Synthesis
	25.6 Gene Regulation
	25.7 DNA Mutations
	25.8 DNA Manipulation
	25.9 Gene Therapy
	25.10 Epigenetics
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 26: Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy
	26.1 The Nature of Metabolism
	26.2 Mitochondria and Their Role in Metabolism
	26.3 The Principal Compounds of Catabolic Pathways
	26.4 The Citric Acid Cycle and in Metabolism
	26.5 Electron and H+ Transport
	26.6 The Chemiosmotic Pump and ATP Production
	26.7 Energy Yield from Aerobic Metabolism
	26.8 Conversion of Chemical Energy to Other Forms
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 27: Specific Catabolic Pathways:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, and
Protein Metabolism
	27.1 The General Outline of Catabolic Pathway
	27.2 The Reactions of Glycolysis
	27.3 The Energy Yield from Glucose Catabolism
	27.4 Glycerol Catabolism
	27.5 B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
	27.6 The Energy Yield from Stearic Acid Catabolism
	27.7 Ketone Bodies
	27.8 Nitrogen Processing in Amino Acid Catabolism
	27.9 Carbon Skeleton Processing in Amino Acid Catabolsim
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 28: Biosynthetic Pathways
	28.1 The General Outline of Biosynthetic Pathways
	28.2 Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates
	28.3 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
	28.4 Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids
	28.5 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 29: Nutrition
	29.1 Nutritional Guidelines
	29.2 Counting Calories
	29.3 Carbohydrate Digestion
	29.4 Fat Digestion
	29.5 Protein Digestion
	29.6 The Importance of Vitamins, Minerals, and Water
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Chapter 30: Immunochemistry
	30.1 The Body's Defense against Invasion
	30.2 Organs and Cells of the Immune System
	30.3 Antigens Stimulate the Immune System
	30.4 Immunoglobulins
	30.5 T Cells and T-Cell Receptors
	30.6 Immunization
	30.7 Distinguishing "Self" from "Nonself"
	30.8 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS
	Chapter Summary
	Problems
Appendix I: Exponential Notation
Appendix II: Significant Figures
Answers
Glossary
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index