Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Front Cover......Page 1
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 10
LIST OF SYMBOLS......Page 12
1.2 The beginning of fluid mechanics......Page 14
2.2 Units and dimensions......Page 19
2.3 Density, specific gravity and specific volume......Page 21
2.4 Viscosity......Page 22
2.5 Surface tension......Page 26
2.6 Compressibility......Page 29
2.7 Characteristics of a perfect gas......Page 30
2.8 Problems......Page 31
3.1 Pressure......Page 33
3.2 Forces acting on the vessel of liquid......Page 43
3.3 Why does a ship float?......Page 46
3.4 Relatively stationary state......Page 48
3.5 Problems......Page 51
4.1 Streamline and stream tube......Page 54
4.3 Three-dimensional, two-dimensional and one-dimensional flow......Page 56
4.4 Laminar flow and turbulent flow......Page 57
4.6 Incompressible and compressible fluids......Page 59
4.7 Rotation and spinning of a liquid......Page 60
4.8 Circulation......Page 63
4.9 Problems......Page 66
5.1 Continuity equation......Page 68
5.2 Conservation of energy......Page 69
5.3 Conservation of momentum......Page 83
5.4 Conservation of angular momentum......Page 89
5.5 Problems......Page 91
6.1 Continuity equation......Page 95
6.2 Navier–Stokes equation......Page 96
6.3 Velocity distribution of laminar flow......Page 101
6.4 Velocity distribution of turbulent flow......Page 107
6.5 Boundary layer......Page 114
6.6 Theory of lubrication......Page 119
6.7 Problems......Page 122
CHAPTER 7. FLOW IN PIPES......Page 124
7.1 Flow in the inlet region......Page 125
7.2 Loss by pipe friction......Page 127
7.3 Frictional loss on pipes other than circular pipes......Page 131
7.4 Various losses in pipe lines......Page 132
7.5 Pumping to higher levels......Page 145
7.6 Problems......Page 147
8.1 Flow in an open channel with constant section and flow velocity......Page 149
8.2 Best section shape of an open channel......Page 151
8.3 Specific energy......Page 154
8.4 Constant discharge......Page 155
8.5 Constant specific energy......Page 156
8.6 Constant water depth......Page 157
8.7 Hydraulic jump......Page 158
8.8 Problems......Page 159
9.1 Flows around a body......Page 161
9.3 The drag of a body......Page 162
9.4 The lift of a body......Page 174
9.5 Cavitation......Page 180
9.6 Problems......Page 182
10.1 Dimensional analysis......Page 184
10.3 Application examples of dimensional analysis......Page 185
10.4 Law of similarity......Page 188
10.5 Problems......Page 193
11.1 Measurement of flow velocity......Page 195
11.2 Measurement of flow discharge......Page 199
11.3 Problems......Page 208
12.1 Euler\'s equation of motion......Page 210
12.2 Velocity potential......Page 211
12.3 Stream function......Page 213
12.4 Complex potential......Page 214
12.5 Example of potential flow......Page 216
12.6 Conformal mapping......Page 225
12.7 Problems......Page 229
13.1 Thermodynamical characteristics......Page 231
13.2 Sonic velocity......Page 234
13.3 Mach number......Page 236
13.4 Basic equations for one-dimensional compressible flow......Page 237
13.5 Isentropic flow......Page 239
13.6 Shock waves......Page 243
13.7 Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow......Page 248
13.8 Problems......Page 249
14.1 Vibration of liquid column in U-tube......Page 251
14.2 Propagation of pressure in pipe line......Page 253
14.3 Transitional change in flow quantity in a pipe line......Page 255
14.4 Velocity of pressure wave in a pipe line......Page 256
14.5 Water hammer......Page 257
14.6 Problems......Page 260
15.1 Finite difference method......Page 262
15.2 Finite volume method......Page 276
15.3 Finite element method......Page 277
15.4 Boundary element method......Page 282
16.2 Experimental visualisation methods......Page 287
16.3 Computer-aided visualisation methods......Page 299
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS......Page 304
INDEX......Page 312