Introduction to Flight (SI Units)

Cover
Contents
Chapter 1 The First Aeronautical Engineers
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Very Early Developments
	1.3 Sir George Cayley (1773–1857)—The True Inventor of the Airplane
	1.4 The Interregnum—From 1853 to 1891
	1.5 Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896)—The Glider Man
	1.6 Percy Pilcher (1867–1899)—Extending the Glider Tradition
	1.7 Aeronautics Comes to America
	1.8 Wilbur (1867–1912) and Orville (1871–1948) Wright—Inventors of the First Practical Airplane
	1.9 The Aeronautical Triangle—Langley, the Wrights, and Glenn Curtiss
	1.10 The Problem of Propulsion
	1.11 Faster and Higher
	1.12 Summary
		Bibliography
Chapter 2 Fundamental Thoughts
	2.1 Fundamental Physical Quantities of a Flowing Gas
	2.2 The Source of All Aerodynamic Forces
		2.1.1 Pressure
		2.1.2 Density
		2.1.3 Temperature
		2.1.4 Flow Velocity and Streamlines
	2.3 Equation of State for a Perfect Gas
	2.4 Discussion of Units
	2.5 Specific Volume
	2.6 Anatomy of the Airplane
	2.7 Anatomy of a Space Vehicle
	2.8 Historical Note: The NACA and NASA
	2.9 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere
	3.1 Definition of Altitude
	3.2 Hydrostatic Equation
	3.3 Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric Altitudes
	3.4 Definition of the Standard Atmosphere
	3.5 Pressure, Temperature, and Density Altitudes
	3.6 Historical Note: The Standard Atmosphere
	3.7 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 4 Basic Aerodynamics
	4.1 Continuity Equation
	4.2 Incompressible and Compressible Flow
	4.3 Momentum Equation
	4.4 A Comment
	4.5 Elementary Thermodynamics
	4.6 Isentropic Flow
	4.7 Energy Equation
	4.8 Summary of Equations
	4.9 Speed of Sound
	4.10 Low-Speed Subsonic Wind Tunnels
	4.11 Measurement of Airspeed
		4.11.1 Incompressible Flow
		4.11.2 Subsonic Compressible Flow
		4.11.3 Supersonic Flow
		4.11.4 Summary
	4.12 Some Additional Considerations
		4.12.1 More on Compressible Flow
		4.12.2 More on Equivalent Airspeed
	4.13 Supersonic Wind Tunnels and Rocket Engines
	4.14 Discussion of Compressibility
	4.15 Introduction to Viscous Flow
	4.16 Results for a Laminar Boundary Layer
	4.17 Results for a Turbulent Boundary Layer
	4.18 Compressibility Effects on Skin Friction
	4.19 Transition
	4.20 Flow Separation
	4.21 Summary of Viscous Effects on Drag
	4.22 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler
	4.23 Historical Note: The Pitot Tube
	4.24 Historical Note: The First Wind Tunnels
	4.25 Historical Note: Osborne Reynolds and His Number
	4.26 Historical Note: Prandtl and the Development of the Boundary Layer Concept
	4.27 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 5 Airfoils, Wings, and Other Aerodynamic Shapes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Airfoil Nomenclature
	5.3 Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients
	5.4 Airfoil Data
	5.5 Infinite Versus Finite Wings
	5.6 Pressure Coefficient
	5.7 Obtaining Lift Coefficient from Cp
	5.8 Compressibility Correction for Lift Coefficient
	5.9 Critical Mach Number and Critical Pressure Coefficient
	5.10 Drag-Divergence Mach Number
	5.11 Wave Drag (at Supersonic Speeds)
	5.12 Summary of Airfoil Drag
	5.13 Finite Wings
	5.14 Calculation of Induced Drag
	5.15 Change in the Lift Slope
	5.16 Swept Wings
	5.17 Flaps—A Mechanism for High Lift
	5.18 Aerodynamics of Cylinders and Spheres
	5.19 How Lift Is Produced—Some Alternate Explanations
	5.20 Historical Note: Airfoils and Wings
		5.20.1 The Wright Brothers
		5.20.2 British and U.S. Airfoils (1910 to 1920)
		5.20.3 1920 to 1930
		5.20.4 Early NACA Four-Digit Airfoils
		5.20.5 Later NACA Airfoils
		5.20.6 Modern Airfoil Work
		5.20.7 Finite Wings
	5.21 Historical Note: Ernst Mach and His Number
	5.22 Historical Note: The First Manned Supersonic Flight
	5.23 Historical Note: The X-15—First Manned Hypersonic Airplane and Stepping-Stone to the Space Shuttle
	Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 6 Elements of Airplane Performance
	6.1 Introduction: The Drag Polar
	6.2 Equations of Motion
	6.3 Thrust Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight
	6.4 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity
	6.5 Power Required for Level, Unaccelerated Flight
	6.6 Power Available and Maximum Velocity
		6.6.1 Reciprocating Engine–Propeller Combination
		6.6.2 Jet Engine
	6.7 Altitude Effects on Power Required and Available
	6.8 Rate of Climb
	6.9 Gliding Flight
	6.10 Absolute and Service Ceilings
	6.11 Time to Climb
	6.12 Range and Endurance—Propeller-Driven Airplane
		6.12.1 Physical Considerations
		6.12.2 Quantitative Formulation
		6.12.3 Breguet Formulas (Propeller-Driven Airplane)
	6.13 Range and Endurance—Jet Airplane
		6.13.1 Physical Considerations
		6.13.2 Quantitative Formulation
	6.14 Relations Between CD,0 and CD,i
	6.15 Takeoff Performance
	6.16 Landing Performance
	6.17 Turning Flight and the V-n Diagram
	6.18 Accelerated Rate of Climb (Energy Method)
	6.19 Special Considerations for Supersonic Airplanes
	6.20 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
	6.21 A Comment, and More on the Aspect Ratio
	6.22 Historical Note: Drag Reduction—The NACA Cowling and the Fillet
	6.23 Historical Note: Early Predictions of Airplane Performance
	6.24 Historical Note: Breguet and the Range Formula
	6.25 Historical Note: Aircraft Design— Evolution and Revolution
	6.26 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 7 Principles of Stability and Control
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Definition of Stability and Control
		7.2.1 Static Stability
		7.2.2 Dynamic Stability
		7.2.3 Control
		7.2.4 Partial Derivative
	7.3 Moments on the Airplane
	7.4 Absolute Angle of Attack
	7.5 Criteria for Longitudinal Static Stability
	7.6 Quantitative Discussion: Contribution of the Wing to Mcg
	7.7 Contribution of the Tail to Mcg
	7.8 Total Pitching Moment About the Center of Gravity
	7.9 Equations for Longitudinal Static Stability
	7.10 Neutral Point
	7.11 Static Margin
	7.12 Concept of Static Longitudinal Control
	7.13 Calculation of Elevator Angle to Trim
	7.14 Stick-Fixed Versus Stick-Free Static Stability
	7.15 Elevator Hinge Moment
	7.16 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability
	7.17 Directional Static Stability
	7.18 Lateral Static Stability
	7.19 A Comment
	7.20 Historical Note: The Wright Brothers Versus the European Philosophy on Stability and Control
	7.21 Historical Note: The Development of Flight Controls
	7.22 Historical Note: The “Tuck-Under” Problem
	7.23 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 8 Space Flight (Astronautics)
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Differential Equations
	8.3 Lagrange’s Equation
	8.4 Orbit Equation
		8.4.1 Force and Energy
		8.4.2 Equation of Motion
	8.5 Space Vehicle Trajectories—Some Basic Aspects
	8.6 Kepler’s Laws
	8.7 Introduction to Earth and Planetary Entry
	8.8 Exponential Atmosphere
	8.9 General Equations of Motion for Atmospheric Entry
	8.10 Application to Ballistic Entry
	8.11 Entry Heating
	8.12 Lifting Entry, with Application to the Space Shuttle
	8.13 Historical Note: Kepler
	8.14 Historical Note: Newton and the Law of Gravitation
	8.15 Historical Note: Lagrange
	8.16 Historical Note: Unmanned Space Flight
	8.17 Historical Note: Manned Space Flight
	8.18 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 9 Propulsion
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Propeller
	9.3 Reciprocating Engine
	9.4 Jet Propulsion—The Thrust Equation
	9.5 Turbojet Engine
	9.6 Turbofan Engine
	9.7 Ramjet Engine
	9.8 Rocket Engine
	9.9 Rocket Propellants—Some Considerations
		9.9.1 Liquid Propellants
		9.9.2 Solid Propellants
		9.9.3 A Comment
	9.10 Rocket Equation
	9.11 Rocket Staging
	9.12 Electric Propulsion
		9.12.1 Electron-Ion Thruster
		9.12.2 Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster
		9.12.3 Arc-Jet Thruster
		9.12.4 A Comment
	9.13 Historical Note: Early Propeller Development
	9.14 Historical Note: Early Development of the Internal Combustion Engine for Aviation
	9.15 Historical Note: Inventors of Early Jet Engines
	9.16 Historical Note: Early History of Rocket Engines
	9.17 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 10 Flight Vehicle Structrures and Materials
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Some Physics of Solid Materials
		10.2.1 Stress
		10.2.2 Strain
		10.2.3 Other Cases
		10.2.4 Stress–Strain Diagram
	10.3 Some Elements of an Aircraft Structure
	10.4 Materials
	10.5 Fatigue
	10.6 Some Comments
		Bibliography
		Problems
Chapter 11 Hypersonic Vehicles
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Physical Aspects of Hypersonic Flow
		11.2.1 Thin Shock Layers
		11.2.2 Entropy Layer
		11.2.3 Viscous Interaction
		11.2.4 High-Temperature Effects
		11.2.5 Low-Density Flow
		11.2.6 Recapitulation
	11.3 Newtonian Law for Hypersonic Flow
	11.4 Some Comments on Hypersonic Airplanes
	11.5 Summary
		Bibliography
		Problems
Appendix A History of Aviation in India
Appendix B Standard Atmosphere, SI Units
Appendix C Standard Atmosphere, English Engineering Units
Appendix D Symbols and Conversion Factors
Appendix E Airfoil Data
Index