Introduction to environmental toxicology : impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems

Introduction to ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Impacts of Chemicals Upon Ecological Systems......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgment......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 8
Environmental Toxicology as an Interdisciplinary Science......Page 16
Legislation......Page 18
Introduction to the Textbook......Page 20
References......Page 22
The Classical Viewpoint for Classifying Toxicological Effects......Page 23
Chemical Physical-Chemical Characteristics......Page 24
Receptor and the Mode of Action......Page 25
Physiological and Behavioral Effects......Page 26
Population Parameters......Page 27
Community Effects......Page 28
An Alternative Framework Incorporating Complexity Theory......Page 29
Spatial and Temporal Scales......Page 31
An Introduction to Toxicity Testing......Page 34
The Dose-Response Curve......Page 35
Advantages of Standard Methods......Page 41
Disadvantages of Standard Methods......Page 43
Classification of Toxicity Tests......Page 44
Survey and Review of Typical Toxicity Test Methods......Page 67
Daphnia 48H Acute Toxicity Test......Page 68
Algal 96H Growth Toxicity Test......Page 71
Acute Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Vertebrates and Macroinvertebrates......Page 73
Terrestrial Vertebrate Toxicity Tests......Page 77
Animal Care and Use Considerations......Page 79
Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: FETAX......Page 83
Multispecies Toxicity Tests......Page 85
Atmospheric Pollutants and Plants......Page 105
Plant Injury......Page 106
Uptake......Page 107
Storage......Page 108
Mechanisms of Action......Page 109
Effect on Enzymes......Page 110
Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence of a Pollutant......Page 112
Metal Shift......Page 115
Time and Mode of Exposure......Page 143
Humidity......Page 144
Synergism and Potentiation......Page 145
Toxicity of Mixtures......Page 146
Mixture Estimation System......Page 149
Estimating the toxicity of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 150
Sources of SO2......Page 164
Characteristics of SO2......Page 165
Effects on Plants......Page 167
Effect on Humans......Page 168
Major Reactive N Species in the Troposphere......Page 169
Effects on Plants......Page 170
Physiological Effects......Page 171
Sources......Page 172
Photochemical Smog......Page 173
Effects on Plants......Page 174
Effects on Humans and Animals......Page 175
Lead......Page 188
Lead in Food......Page 189
Effect on Plants......Page 190
Effect on Humans......Page 191
Biochemical Effect......Page 192
Exposure......Page 193
Effects on Animals and Humans......Page 194
Metabolism of Environmental Chemicals: Biotransformation......Page 202
Mechanisms of Biotransformation......Page 203
Consequence of Biotransformation......Page 207
Microbial Degradation......Page 208
Bioremediation......Page 217
Eucaryotic OPA Anhydrolases......Page 225
Characteristics of Other Invertebrate Metazoan Activities......Page 226
Characteristics of the Fish Activities......Page 227
Comparison of the OPA Anhydrases......Page 228
Natural Role of the OPA Anhydrases......Page 229
Measurement of Ecological Effects at Various Levels of Biological Organization......Page 236
Molecular and physiological indicators of chemical stress? biomarkers......Page 239
Enzymatic and Biochemical Processes......Page 240
Physiological and Histological Indicators......Page 241
Toxicity Tests and Population Level Indicators......Page 243
Sentinel Organisms and in situ Biomonitoring......Page 245
Population Parameters......Page 246
Introduction......Page 298
Basics of Risk Assessment......Page 299
Ecological Risk Assessment......Page 300
Problem Formulation......Page 301
Analysis......Page 306
Exposure Analysis......Page 307
Characterization of Ecological Effects......Page 308
Ecological Response Analyses......Page 309
Part A? General Information......Page 326
Part B? Biology and Culture of Test Organisms......Page 327
Algae and Phytoplankton......Page 328
Annelids......Page 329
Aquatic Plants......Page 330
DISCLAIMER......Page 340
CONTENTS......Page 341
FOREWORD......Page 342
CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS......Page 344
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 348
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 350
1.5. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT......Page 355
1.6. ORGANIZATION......Page 356