Introduction to environmental engineering

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
About This Book......Page 15
 1.2 What’S Your Definition Of Environmental Engineering?......Page 18
  1.3.2 A Lousy Report Card......Page 19
 1.4 Duties And Important Characteristics Of Environmental Engineers......Page 20
  1.4.4 Government......Page 21
  1.5.1 Love Canal......Page 22
  1.5.2 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiumoutbreak......Page 23
  1.6.2 Professional Licensure......Page 24
  1.6.3 Engineering Ethics......Page 25
  1.6.4 Continuing Education......Page 26
 1.7 Problem Solving......Page 27
 Summary......Page 29
 Exercises......Page 30
 References......Page 31
 2.2 Dimensions And Units......Page 32
  2.3.1 Density......Page 35
  2.3.2 Concentration......Page 37
  2.3.3 Flow Rate......Page 43
  2.3.4 Residence Time......Page 44
 2.4 Precision, Bias, And Accuracy......Page 45
 2.5 Significant Figures......Page 46
 Exercises......Page 47
  3.2.2 Elements......Page 49
 3.3 Chemical Reactions......Page 54
  3.3.1 Stoichiometry......Page 55
  3.4.1 Acid-Base Chemistry......Page 59
  3.4.2 Strong Acids And Bases Vs.Weak Acids And Bases......Page 62
  3.4.3 The Carbonate System And Alkalinity......Page 64
 3.5 Solid-Phase Equilibrium Reactions......Page 65
  3.6.2 General Gas Laws—Boyle’S, Charles’, Gay-Lussac, Combined Gas......Page 68
  3.6.3 Dalton’S Law Of Partial Pressure......Page 70
  3.6.4 Raoult’S Law And Henry’S Law......Page 71
 References......Page 73
 Exercises......Page 74
 4.2 Biological Systems......Page 76
  4.2.2 Classification Of Organisms......Page 77
  4.2.3 Major Groups Of Organisms......Page 78
  4.2.4 Microbial Growth......Page 83
 4.3 Ecological Systems......Page 86
  4.3.1 Energy Flow In Ecosystems......Page 87
  4.3.2 Food Chains......Page 88
  4.3.3 Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, And Toxicity......Page 91
  4.4.1 Carbon Cycle......Page 92
  4.4.2 Nitrogen Cycle......Page 93
  4.4.3 Phosphorus Cycle......Page 96
  4.4.4 Sulfur Cycle......Page 97
 4.5 Limnological Concepts And Eutrophication......Page 98
  4.5.1 Stratification......Page 99
  4.5.2 Lake Classification......Page 101
  4.5.3 Dissolved-Oxygen Depletion In Streams......Page 102
 References......Page 110
 Exercises......Page 111
 5.1 Concept Or Perception Of Risk......Page 115
 5.2 Risk Assessment......Page 118
  5.2.2 Toxicity Assessment......Page 119
  5.2.3 Exposure Assessment......Page 124
  5.2.4 Risk Characterization......Page 127
 5.3 Risk Management......Page 129
  5.4.2 Environmental Impact Statement......Page 130
 Summary......Page 133
 Exercises......Page 134
 6.2 Chemical And Biochemical Reactions......Page 137
  6.2.2 Rate Law And Order Of Reaction......Page 138
  6.2.3 Zero-Order Reactions......Page 139
  6.2.4 First-Order Reactions......Page 140
  6.2.5 Second-Order Reactions......Page 142
  6.2.6 Temperature Corrections......Page 145
 6.3 Material Balances......Page 147
  6.4.2 Reactors......Page 151
  6.5.1 Definition Of Energy And Work......Page 160
 Exercises......Page 167
 7.1 Introduction......Page 171
  7.2.2 Green Engineering......Page 172
  7.2.3 Material Selection......Page 173
 7.3 Nuclear Physics......Page 175
  7.3.1 Radioactivity......Page 176
  7.4.2 Paper Or Plastic Bags?......Page 182
  7.4.3 Selection Of Materials For Beverage Containers......Page 183
  7.4.5 Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond System (Aiwps)......Page 184
 References......Page 186
 Exercises......Page 188
 8.2 Beneficial Uses Of Water......Page 189
  8.2.1 Public Supply......Page 190
  8.2.6 Industrial......Page 191
 8.4 Water Pollution......Page 192
  8.5.1 Conventional Water Quality Assessment Parameters......Page 194
  8.6.1 Drinking Water Standards......Page 211
  8.6.2 Wastewater Effluent Standards......Page 212
  8.6.3 Surface Water Quality Standards......Page 213
 Summary......Page 214
 References......Page 215
 Exercises......Page 216
 9.1 Introduction......Page 218
  9.2.2 Drinking Water Standards......Page 219
  9.3.1 Conventional Surface Water Treatment......Page 220
 9.4 Overview Of Groundwater Treatment Systems......Page 222
  9.4.2 Reverse Osmosis Treatment......Page 223
  9.5.1 Coagulation And Flocculation......Page 224
  9.5.2 Mixing......Page 227
  9.5.3 Flocculation Tanks......Page 230
  9.5.4 Water Softening......Page 232
  9.5.5 Sedimentation......Page 237
  9.5.6 Filtration......Page 243
  9.5.7 Disinfection......Page 250
 9.6 Treatment Of Water Treatment Plant Residuals......Page 255
 References......Page 256
 Exercises......Page 257
 10.1 Introduction......Page 260
  10.2.1 Secondary Wastewater Treatment......Page 262
 10.3 Overview Of Wastewater Treatment Systems......Page 263
 10.4 Preliminary Treatment......Page 264
  10.4.2 Grit Removal......Page 265
 10.5 Primary Treatment......Page 266
 10.6 Secondary Treatment......Page 269
  10.6.1 Activated Sludge......Page 270
  10.6.2 Aerator Systems......Page 275
  10.6.3 Trickling Filters......Page 277
 10.7 Secondary Clarification......Page 279
  10.8.3 Chlorine Contact Basin......Page 281
  10.9.1 Sludge Weight And Volume Relationships......Page 283
  10.9.2 Thickening Operations......Page 284
  10.9.3 Stabilization......Page 286
 Summary......Page 292
 References......Page 293
 Exercises......Page 294
 11.1 Introduction......Page 296
 11.2 History......Page 297
 11.3 Regulatory Overview......Page 298
  11.4.1 Particulates......Page 299
  11.4.2 Nitrogen Oxides (Nox)......Page 300
  11.4.4 Sulfur Oxides (Sox)......Page 301
  11.4.6 Ozone (O3)......Page 302
  11.4.8 The Greenhouse Effect And Global Climate Change......Page 303
 11.5 Control Of Particulate Matter From Stationary Sources......Page 306
  11.5.1 Mechanical Separators—Settling Chambers......Page 307
  11.5.2 Electrostatic Precipitators (Esps)......Page 310
  11.6.1 Incineration......Page 314
  11.6.2 Absorption—Packed-Bed Scrubbers And Flue Gas Desulfurization......Page 315
 References......Page 319
 Exercises......Page 320
  12.1.1 Highlights In Hazardous Waste History......Page 322
  12.2.1 Contaminants Of Concern......Page 326
  12.2.2 Contaminant Characteristics......Page 332
  12.2.3 Darcy’S Law......Page 337
  12.3.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial Metabolism......Page 340
  12.4.1 In Situremediation Schemes......Page 341
  12.4.2 Ex Situremediation Schemes – Composting And Landfarming......Page 345
 References......Page 348
 Exercises......Page 349
 13.1 Introduction......Page 350
  13.2.1 Rcra Solid Waste Definition......Page 352
  13.2.2 Rcra Hazardous Waste Definition......Page 353
 13.3 Waste Generation (Quantifying Msw Generation)......Page 354
  13.4.1 Types Of Collection Systems......Page 357
  13.4.3 Problems And Concerns......Page 358
 13.5 Landfill Containment And Monitoring Systems......Page 360
 References......Page 362
 Exercises......Page 363
 A......Page 366
 B......Page 367
 C......Page 368
 D......Page 369
 E......Page 370
 G......Page 371
 H......Page 372
 M......Page 373
 N......Page 374
 P......Page 375
 R......Page 376
 S......Page 377
 U......Page 379
 W......Page 380
 Z......Page 381