Introduction to English Morphology

Preface......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 9
1.1 What is morphology?......Page 13
1.2.1 Semantics......Page 15
1.2.2 Phraseology......Page 17
1.2.3 Phonetics and phonology......Page 19
1.2.4 Syntax......Page 21
1.2.5 Sociolinguistics......Page 24
1.3 What is a word?......Page 26
1.4 Exercises......Page 33
1.5 Further reading......Page 34
2.1 What is a morpheme?......Page 37
2.2 Morphemes as signs......Page 39
2.2.2 One signified <- more than one signifier......Page 40
2.2.3 The syntactics of a sign......Page 41
2.2.4 The sociolinguistics of a sign......Page 42
2.2.5 The signified as the most important sign component......Page 43
2.3 The distribution of morphs......Page 45
2.4.1 Anisomorphism. Full-idiomaticity......Page 51
2.4.3 Nida's purely formal approach......Page 52
2.4.4 Nida's approach and the conception of differential meaning......Page 55
2.4.5 Mel'čuk's theory of quasi-linguistic units......Page 56
2.4.6 Anisomorphism. Partial idiomaticity......Page 57
2.4.7 Anisomorphism. Additional meanings......Page 59
2.5 The hierarchy of morphs and units alike......Page 62
2.5.1 Affixes versus roots......Page 63
2.5.2 Combining form as a distinct morpheme type?......Page 65
2.5.3 One signifier -> both a root and an affix......Page 67
2.5.4 Typology of affixes......Page 68
2.5.5 Typology of roots......Page 71
2.6 Exercises......Page 72
2.7 Further reading......Page 73
3.1 What is a lexeme?......Page 75
3.2.1 The lex of a lexeme......Page 76
3.2.3 The signified of a lexeme......Page 78
3.2.4 Three-component anisomorphic lexemes......Page 79
3.2.5 Anisomorphic lexemes realized by phrases and sentences......Page 80
3.2.6 How to distinguish between full-, semi-, and quasi-idioms?......Page 82
3.3.1 Relations between members of the same vocable......Page 84
3.4 Lexemes and lexeme families......Page 86
3.5 Exercises......Page 87
3.6 Further reading......Page 88
4.1 Lexeme-formation versus lex-formation......Page 91
4.2.1 Purely semantic mechanisms......Page 92
4.2.2 Purely formal mechanisms......Page 93
4.2.3 Mechanisms involving formal and semantic modifications......Page 95
4.2.4 Diachronic and synchronic perspectives......Page 98
4.2.5 Why do speakers of English create new lexemes?......Page 101
4.2.6 The establishment of new lexemes......Page 104
4.2.7 The non-institutionalization of new lexemes......Page 106
4.2.8 Productivity......Page 111
4.3 Lex-formation......Page 115
4.3.2 Lex-forming suppletion......Page 116
4.3.3 Lex-forming abbreviation......Page 117
4.3.6 Lex-forming affixation......Page 118
4.3.7 Lex-forming syntactics' change......Page 119
4.4 Exercises......Page 120
4.5 Further reading......Page 122
5.1 Semantic change......Page 123
5.1.2 Types of metonymies......Page 124
5.1.3 Types of metaphors......Page 126
5.1.4 Morphological conversion......Page 127
5.1.5 Productivity......Page 136
5.2 Lexeme-manufacturing......Page 139
5.2.1 Productivity......Page 141
5.3 Lexeme-building borrowing......Page 142
5.3.1 Productivity......Page 143
5.4.1 Affixes and their signifieds......Page 145
5.4.2 Affixes and their syntactics......Page 146
5.4.3 Productivity......Page 153
5.5 Lexeme-building apophony......Page 155
5.6 Compounding......Page 157
5.6.1 Compounding as an anisomorphic mechanism......Page 158
5.6.2 The semantics of compounding......Page 160
5.6.3 Endocentric and exocentric compounding......Page 164
5.6.4 Compounding from a formal point of view......Page 168
5.6.5 Compounds and phrases......Page 171
5.6.6 Productivity......Page 174
5.7 Blending......Page 175
5.7.1 Productivity......Page 177
5.8 Idiomatization of phrases and sentences......Page 178
5.8.1 Productivity......Page 179
5.9 Back-formation......Page 180
5.9.1 Productivity......Page 182
5.10 Exercises......Page 183
5.11 Further reading......Page 184
6.1 Grammatical category......Page 185
6.2 Types of grammatical categories......Page 186
6.3.1 Inflectional affixation......Page 188
6.3.3 Grammatical apophony......Page 189
6.3.4 Grammatical suppletion......Page 192
6.3.6 Allowordforms......Page 193
6.3.7 Productivity......Page 194
6.4.1 Why do we need the passive voice?......Page 195
6.4.2 Middle voice in English?......Page 196
6.4.3 What can be passivized?......Page 198
6.4.4 Get-passives......Page 199
6.4.5 Types of cases......Page 200
6.4.6 Cases in English......Page 201
6.4.7 Functions of case......Page 203
6.4.8 Semantic function of case?......Page 204
6.5.1 Typology of temporal meanings......Page 206
6.5.2 No future tense in English......Page 208
6.5.3 Idiomatic uses of temporal wordforms......Page 210
6.5.4 Typology of aspectual meanings......Page 212
6.5.5 Aspects in English......Page 214
6.5.6 Moods in English......Page 217
6.5.7 Person......Page 221
6.5.8 Number......Page 224
6.5.9 Degrees of comparison......Page 226
6.5.10 Numerical qualification......Page 228
6.6 Exercises......Page 230
6.7 Further reading......Page 232
Key to exercises......Page 233
References......Page 237
Index......Page 245