Introduction to Electric Circuits

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 14
1.2 Electric Circuits and Current......Page 21
1.3 Systems of Units......Page 25
1.5 Power and Energy......Page 27
1.6 Circuit Analysis and Design......Page 31
1.7 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 33
1.8 Design Example—Jet Valve Controller......Page 34
Problems......Page 35
Design Problems......Page 39
2.2 Engineering and Linear Models......Page 40
2.3 Active and Passive Circuit Elements......Page 43
2.4 Resistors......Page 45
2.5 Independent Sources......Page 48
2.6 Voltmeters and Ammeters......Page 50
2.7 Dependent Sources......Page 53
2.8 Transducers......Page 57
2.9 Switches......Page 59
2.10 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 60
2.11 Design Example—Temperature Sensor......Page 62
Problems......Page 64
Design Problems......Page 72
3.1 Introduction......Page 73
3.2 Kirchhoff\'s Laws......Page 74
3.3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division......Page 83
3.4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division......Page 88
3.5 Series Voltage Sources and Parallel Current Sources......Page 94
3.6 Circuit Analysis......Page 97
3.7 Analyzing Resistive Circuits Using MATLAB......Page 102
3.8 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 106
3.9 Design Example—Adjustable Voltage Source......Page 108
3.10 Summary......Page 111
Problems......Page 112
Design Problems......Page 132
4.1 Introduction......Page 134
4.2 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources......Page 135
4.3 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current and Voltage Sources......Page 141
4.4 Node Voltage Analysis with Dependent Sources......Page 146
4.5 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources......Page 148
4.6 Mesh Current Analysis with Current and Voltage Sources......Page 153
4.7 Mesh Current Analysis with Dependent Sources......Page 157
4.8 The Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared......Page 159
4.9 Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB......Page 162
4.10 Using PSpice to Determine Node Voltages and Mesh Currents......Page 164
4.11 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 166
4.12 Design Example—Potentiometer Angle Display......Page 169
4.13 Summary......Page 172
Problems......Page 173
Design Problems......Page 187
5.2 Source Transformations......Page 189
5.3 Superposition......Page 196
5.4 Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 200
5.5 Norton’s Equivalent Circuit......Page 207
5.6 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 211
5.7 Using MATLAB to Determine the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit......Page 214
5.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit......Page 217
5.9 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 220
5.10 Design Example—Strain Gauge Bridge......Page 221
5.11 Summary......Page 223
Problems......Page 224
PSpice Problems......Page 236
Design Problems......Page 237
6.2 The Operational Amplifier......Page 239
6.3 The Ideal Operational Amplifier......Page 241
6.4 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers......Page 243
6.5 Design Using Operational Amplifiers......Page 248
6.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations......Page 253
6.7 Characteristics of Practical Operational Amplifiers......Page 258
6.8 Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB......Page 265
6.9 Using PSpice to Analyze Op Amp Circuits......Page 267
6.10 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 268
6.11 Design Example—Transducer Interface Circuit......Page 270
6.12 Summary......Page 272
Problems......Page 273
PSpice Problems......Page 285
Design Problems......Page 287
7.1 Introduction......Page 288
7.2 Capacitors......Page 289
7.3 Energy Storage in a Capacitor......Page 295
7.4 Series and Parallel Capacitors......Page 298
7.5 Inductors......Page 300
7.6 Energy Storage in an Inductor......Page 305
7.7 Series and Parallel Inductors......Page 307
7.8 Initial Conditions of Switched Circuits......Page 308
7.9 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Differential Equations......Page 312
7.10 Using MATLAB to Plot Capacitor or Inductor Voltage and Current......Page 318
7.11 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 320
7.12 Design Example—Integrator and Switch......Page 321
7.13 Summary......Page 324
Problems......Page 325
Design Problems......Page 341
8.2 First-Order Circuits......Page 342
8.3 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Constant Input......Page 345
8.4 Sequential Switching......Page 358
8.5 Stability of First-Order Circuits......Page 360
8.6 The Unit Step Source......Page 362
8.7 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source......Page 366
8.8 Differential Operators......Page 371
8.9 Using PSpice to Analyze First-Order Circuits......Page 372
8.10 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 375
8.11 Design Example—A Computer and Printer......Page 379
8.12 Summary......Page 382
Problems......Page 383
PSpice Problems......Page 394
Design Problems......Page 395
9.1 Introduction......Page 398
9.2 Differential Equation for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements......Page 399
9.3 Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation—The Natural Response......Page 403
9.4 Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit......Page 406
9.5 Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit......Page 409
9.6 Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit......Page 410
9.7 Forced Response of an RLC Circuit......Page 412
9.8 Complete Response of an RLC Circuit......Page 416
9.9 State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis......Page 419
9.10 Roots in the Complex Plane......Page 423
9.11 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 424
9.12 Design Example—Auto Airbag Igniter......Page 427
9.13 Summary......Page 429
Problems......Page 431
PSpice Problems......Page 442
Design Problems......Page 443
10.1 Introduction......Page 445
10.2 Sinusoidal Sources......Page 446
10.3 Phasors and Sinusoids......Page 450
10.4 Impedances......Page 455
10.5 Series and Parallel Impedances......Page 460
10.6 Mesh and Node Equations......Page 467
10.7 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits......Page 474
10.8 Superposition......Page 479
10.9 Phasor Diagrams......Page 481
10.10 Op Amps in AC Circuits......Page 483
10.11 The Complete Response......Page 485
10.12 Using MATLAB to Analyze AC Circuits......Page 492
10.13 Using PSpice to Analyze AC Circuits......Page 494
10.14 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 496
10.15 Design Example—An Op Amp Circuit......Page 499
10.16 Summary......Page 501
Problems......Page 502
PSpice Problems......Page 522
Design Problems......Page 523
11.2 Electric Power......Page 524
11.3 Instantaneous Power and Average Power......Page 525
11.4 Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform......Page 529
11.5 Complex Power......Page 532
11.6 Power Factor......Page 539
11.7 The Power Superposition Principle......Page 547
11.8 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem......Page 550
11.9 Coupled Inductors......Page 551
11.10 The Ideal Transformer......Page 559
11.11 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 566
11.12 Design Example—Maximum Power Transfer......Page 567
11.13 Summary......Page 569
Problems......Page 571
PSpice Problems......Page 586
Design Problems......Page 587
12.1 Introduction......Page 588
12.2 Three-Phase Voltages......Page 589
12.3 The Y-to-Y Circuit......Page 592
12.4 The Delta-Connected Source and Load......Page 601
12.5 The Y-to-Delta Circuit......Page 603
12.6 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits......Page 606
12.7 Instantaneous and Average Power in a Balanced Three-Phase Load......Page 608
12.8 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement......Page 611
12.9 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 614
12.10 Design Example—Power Factor Correction......Page 617
12.11 Summary......Page 618
Problems......Page 619
PSpice Problems......Page 622
Design Problems......Page 623
13.2 Gain, Phase Shift, and the Network Function......Page 624
13.3 Bode Plots......Page 636
13.4 Resonant Circuits......Page 653
13.5 Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits......Page 660
13.6 Plotting Bode Plots Using MATLAB......Page 662
13.7 Using PSpice to Plot a Frequency Response......Page 664
13.8 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 666
13.9 Design Example—Radio Tuner......Page 670
13.10 Summary......Page 672
Problems......Page 673
PSpice Problems......Page 686
Design Problems......Page 688
14.1 Introduction......Page 690
14.2 Laplace Transform......Page 691
14.3 Pulse Inputs......Page 697
14.4 Inverse Laplace Transform......Page 700
14.5 Initial and Final Value Theorems......Page 707
14.6 Solution of Differential Equations Describing a Circuit......Page 709
14.7 Circuit Analysis Using Impedance and Initial Conditions......Page 710
14.8 Transfer Function and Impedance......Page 720
14.9 Convolution......Page 726
14.10 Stability......Page 730
14.11 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB......Page 733
14.12 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 738
14.13 Design Example—Space Shuttle Cargo Door......Page 740
14.14 Summary......Page 743
Problems......Page 744
PSpice Problems......Page 758
Design Problems......Page 759
15.2 The Fourier Series......Page 761
15.3 Symmetry of the Function f (t)......Page 770
15.4 Fourier Series of Selected Waveforms......Page 775
15.5 Exponential Form of the Fourier Series......Page 777
15.6 The Fourier Spectrum......Page 785
15.7 Circuits and Fourier Series......Page 789
15.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Fourier Series......Page 792
15.9 The Fourier Transform......Page 797
15.10 Fourier Transform Properties......Page 800
15.11 The Spectrum of Signals......Page 804
15.12 Convolution and Circuit Response......Page 805
15.13 The Fourier Transform and the Laplace Transform......Page 808
15.14 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 810
15.15 Design Example—DC Power Supply......Page 812
15.16 Summary......Page 815
Problems......Page 816
Design Problems......Page 822
16.2 The Electric Filter......Page 824
16.3 Filters......Page 825
16.4 Second-Order Filters......Page 828
16.5 High-Order Filters......Page 836
16.6 Simulating Filter Circuits Using PSpice......Page 842
16.7 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 846
16.8 Design Example—Anti-Aliasing Filter......Page 848
Problems......Page 851
PSpice Problems......Page 856
Design Problems......Page 859
17.1 Introduction......Page 860
17.2 T-to-Π Transformation and Two-Port Three-Terminal Networks......Page 861
17.3 Equations of Two-Port Networks......Page 863
17.4 Z and Y Parameters for a Circuit with Dependent Sources......Page 866
17.5 Hybrid and Transmission Parameters......Page 868
17.6 Relationships Between Two-Port Parameters......Page 870
17.7 Interconnection of Two-Port Networks......Page 872
17.8 How Can We Check . . . ?......Page 875
17.9 Design Example—Transistor Amplifier......Page 877
Problems......Page 879
Design Problems......Page 883
APPENDIX A Getting Started with PSpice......Page 885
APPENDIX B MATLAB, Matrices, and Complex Arithmetic......Page 893
APPENDIX C Mathematical Formulas......Page 905
APPENDIX D Standard Resistor Color Code......Page 909
References......Page 911
Index......Page 913