Introduction to Digital Speech Processing (Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing,)

Introduction......Page 14
The Speech Chain......Page 15
Applications of Digital Speech Processing......Page 20
Our Goal for this Text......Page 27
Phonetic Representation of Speech......Page 30
Models for Speech Production......Page 32
More Refined Models......Page 36
The Human Ear......Page 38
Perception of Loudness......Page 40
Critical Bands......Page 41
Pitch Perception......Page 42
Auditory Masking......Page 44
Complete Model of Auditory Processing......Page 45
Short-Time Analysis of Speech......Page 46
Short-Time Energy and Zero-Crossing Rate......Page 50
Short-Time Autocorrelation Function (STACF)......Page 53
Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)......Page 55
Sampling the STFT in Time and Frequency......Page 57
The Speech Spectrogram......Page 59
Relation of STFT to STACF......Page 62
Short-Time Fourier Synthesis......Page 64
Short-Time Analysis is Fundamental to our Thinking......Page 66
Definition of the Cepstrum and Complex Cepstrum......Page 68
Computation of the Cepstrum......Page 71
Short-Time Homomorphic Filtering of Speech......Page 76
Application to Pitch Detection......Page 78
Applications to Pattern Recognition......Page 80
The Role of the Cepstrum......Page 85
Linear Prediction and the Speech Model......Page 88
Computing the Prediction Coefficients......Page 92
The Levinson–Durbin Recursion......Page 97
LPC Spectrum......Page 100
Equivalent Representations......Page 104
The Role of Linear Prediction......Page 109
Sampling and Quantization of Speech (PCM)......Page 110
Digital Speech Coding......Page 118
Closed-Loop Coders......Page 121
Open-Loop Coders......Page 140
Frequency-Domain Coders......Page 147
Evaluation of Coders......Page 149
Text-to-Speech Synthesis Methods......Page 152
Text Analysis......Page 153
Evolution of Speech Synthesis Systems......Page 158
Unit Selection Methods......Page 165
TTS Applications......Page 172
TTS Future Needs......Page 173
The Problem of Automatic Speech Recognition......Page 176
Building a Speech Recognition System......Page 178
The Decision Processes in ASR......Page 181
Representative Recognition Performance......Page 194
Challenges in ASR Technology......Page 196
Conclusion......Page 198
Acknowledgments......Page 200
References......Page 202
Supplemental References......Page 210