Introduction to Contact Mechanics (Mechanical Engineering Series)

Series Preface......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
List of Symbols......Page 16
Introduction......Page 20
1.2 Elastic Contact......Page 22
1.3 Geometrical Similarity......Page 27
1.4.1 The constraint factor......Page 29
1.4.2 Indentation response of materials......Page 30
1.4.3 Elastic–plastic stress distribution......Page 31
1.4.4 Hardness theories......Page 32
1.5 Indentations at the Nanometre Scale......Page 35
References......Page 37
2.2 Indenter Types......Page 41
2.3 Indentation Hardness and Modulus......Page 44
2.3.1 Spherical indenter......Page 45
2.3.3 Berkovich indenter......Page 46
2.3.5 Knoop hardness......Page 47
2.4 Load-Depth Compliance Curves......Page 48
2.5.1 Basic instrument construction and installation......Page 51
2.5.2 Indenters......Page 52
2.5.3 Specimen mounting......Page 53
2.5.4 Working distance and initial penetration......Page 54
2.5.5 Test cycles......Page 55
References......Page 56
3.2.1 Cylindrical punch indenter......Page 57
3.2.3 Spherical indenter......Page 61
3.2.4 Berkovich indenter......Page 65
3.2.5 Knoop indenter......Page 69
3.2.6 Hardness as a function of depth......Page 72
3.2.7 Energy methods......Page 74
3.2.8 Dynamic methods......Page 76
3.2.9 Other methods of analysis......Page 77
3.2.2 Conical indenter—cylindrical punch method......Page 59
References......Page 79
4.2 Thermal Drift......Page 82
4.3 Initial Penetration Depth......Page 83
4.4 Instrument Compliance......Page 86
4.5 Indenter Geometry......Page 88
4.6 Piling-Up and Sinking-In......Page 92
4.7 Indentation Size Effect......Page 95
4.8 Surface Roughness......Page 97
4.9 Tip Rounding......Page 98
4.10 Residual Stresses......Page 100
4.11 Specimen Preparation......Page 101
References......Page 102
5.2 Spherical Indenter......Page 104
5.3 Berkovich Indenter......Page 106
5.4 Other Indenters......Page 107
5.5 Comparison with Experimental Data......Page 108
References......Page 110
6.1 Scaling Relationships in Nanoindentation......Page 111
References......Page 115
7.2 Dynamic Indentation Testing......Page 117
7.3 Thin Films......Page 121
7.3.1 Elastic modulus......Page 122
7.3.2 Hardness......Page 124
7.3.3 Film adhesion......Page 125
7.4 Scratch Testing......Page 126
7.5 Acoustic Emission Testing......Page 129
7.6 Constant Strain Rate Testing......Page 131
7.7 Creep......Page 132
7.8 Fracture Toughness......Page 134
7.9 High-Temperature Nanoindentation Testing......Page 137
7.10 Strain-hardening exponent......Page 140
7.11 Impact......Page 141
References......Page 143
8.2 ISO 14577......Page 147
8.2.1 ISO 14577 Part 1: Test method......Page 149
8.2.2 ISO 12577 Part 2: Verification and calibration of machines......Page 158
8.2.3 ISO 12577 Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks......Page 161
References......Page 162
9.1 Specifications of Nanoindentation Test Instruments......Page 163
9.2 “Nano Indenter®,” MTS Systems Corporation......Page 167
9.3 “NanoTest®,” Micro Materials Ltd.......Page 168
9.4 “TriboIndenter®,” Hysitron Inc.......Page 171
9.5 “Nano-Hardness Tester®,” CSEM Instruments......Page 174
9.6 “UMIS®,” CSIRO......Page 176
References......Page 179
10.1 Introduction......Page 180
10.2 Fused Silica......Page 181
10.3 Titanium Dioxide Thin Film......Page 182
10.4 Superhard Thin Film......Page 183
10.5 Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) Thin Film......Page 184
10.6 Creep in Polymer Film......Page 185
10.7 Fracture and Delamination of Silicon Oxide Film......Page 187
10.8 High-Temperature Testing on Fused Silica......Page 188
10.9 Adhesion Measurement......Page 189
10.10 Dynamic Hardness......Page 190
10.11 Repeatability Testing......Page 191
10.12 Assessment of Thin Film Adhesion by Scratch Testing......Page 192
10.13 Other Applications......Page 193
References......Page 194
A1.1 Contact Pressure Distributions......Page 195
A1.2.1 Spherical indenter......Page 196
A1.2.2 Conical indenter......Page 198
A2.2 Forces in Nature......Page 200
A2.3 Interaction Potentials......Page 201
A2.4 Van der Waals Forces......Page 202
A2.5 Surface Interactions......Page 203
A2.6 Adhesion......Page 205
A2.7 Friction......Page 209
A3.1 Berkovich Indenter......Page 212
A3.2 Vickers Indenter......Page 213
A3.3 Knoop Indenter......Page 214
A3.4 Sphero-Conical Indenter......Page 215
F......Page 216
R......Page 217
Y......Page 218