Introduction to Computer Graphics: Using OpenGL and Java

Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgement
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Application Fields
	1.2 From the Real Scene to the Computer Generated Image
	1.3 Rendering and Rendering Pipeline
	1.4 Objectives of This Book and Recommended Reading Order for the Sections
	1.5 Structure of This Book
	1.6 Exercises
	References
2 The Open Graphics Library (OpenGL)
	2.1 Graphics Programming Interfaces
	2.2 General About the OpenGL
	2.3 The OpenGL and Java
	2.4 Profiles
	2.5 OpenGL Graphics Pipelines
		2.5.1 Vertex Processing
		2.5.2 Vertex Post-Processing
		2.5.3 Primitive Assembly
		2.5.4 Rasterisation
		2.5.5 Fragment Processing
		2.5.6 Per-Fragment Operations
		2.5.7 Framebuffer
	2.6 Shaders
	2.7 OpenGL Programming with JOGL
	2.8 Example of a JOGL Program Without Shaders
	2.9 Programming Shaders
		2.9.1 Data Flow in the Programmable Pipeline
		2.9.2 OpenGL and GLSL Versions
		2.9.3 OpenGL Extensions
		2.9.4 Functions of the GLSL
		2.9.5 Building a GLSL Shader Program
	2.10 Example of a JOGL Program Using GLSL Shaders
	2.11 Efficiency of Different Drawing Methods
	2.12 Exercises
	Exercises
	References
3 Basic Geometric Objects
	3.1 Surface Modelling
	3.2 Basic Geometric Objects in the OpenGL
		3.2.1 Points
		3.2.2 Lines
		3.2.3 Triangles
		3.2.4 Polygon Orientation and Filling
		3.2.5 Polygons
		3.2.6 Quadrilaterals
	3.3 OpenGL Drawing Commands
		3.3.1 Indexed Draw
		3.3.2 Triangle Strips
		3.3.3 Primitive Restart
		3.3.4 Base Vertex and Instanced Rendering
		3.3.5 Indirect Draw
		3.3.6 More Drawing Commands and Example Project
	3.4 Exercises
	References
4 Modelling Three-Dimensional Objects
	4.1 From the Real World to the Model
	4.2 Three-Dimensional Objects and Their Surfaces
	4.3 Modelling Techniques
	4.4 Modelling the Surface of a Cube in the OpenGL
	4.5 Surfaces as Functions in Two Variables
		4.5.1 Representation of Landscapes
	4.6 Parametric Curves and Freeform Surfaces
		4.6.1 Parametric Curves
		4.6.2 Efficient Computation of Polynomials
		4.6.3 Freeform Surfaces
	4.7 Normal Vectors for Surfaces
	4.8 Exercises
	References
5 Geometry Processing
	5.1 Geometric Transformations in 2D
		5.1.1 Homogeneous Coordinates
		5.1.2 Applications of Transformations
		5.1.3 Animation and Movements Using Transformations
		5.1.4 Interpolators for Continuous Changes
	5.2 Geometrical Transformations in 3D
		5.2.1 Translations
		5.2.2 Scalings
		5.2.3 Rotations Around x-, y- and z-Axis
		5.2.4 Calculation of a Transformation Matrix with a Linear System of Equations
	5.3 Switch Between Two Coordinate Systems
	5.4 Scene Graphs
		5.4.1 Modelling
		5.4.2 Animation and Movement
		5.4.3 Matrix Stacks and Their Application in the OpenGL
	5.5 Arbitrary Rotations in 3D: Euler Angles, Gimbal Lock,  and Quaternions
		5.5.1 Rotation Around Any Axis
	5.6 Eulerian Angles and Gimbal Lock
		5.6.1 Quaternions
	5.7 Clipping Volume
	5.8 Orthogonal and Perspective Projections
	5.9 Perspective Projection and Clipping Volume in the OpenGL
	5.10 Viewing Pipeline: Coordinate System Change of the Graphical Pipeline
	5.11 Transformations of the Normal Vectors
	5.12 Transformations of the Viewing Pipeline in the OpenGL
	5.13 Exercises
	References
6 Greyscale and Colour Representation
	6.1 Greyscale Representation and Intensities
	6.2 Colour Models and Colour Spaces
	6.3 Colours in the OpenGL
	6.4 Colour Interpolation
	6.5 Exercises
	References
7 Rasterisation
	7.1 Vector Graphics and Raster Graphics
	7.2 Rasterisation in the Graphics Pipeline and Fragments
	7.3 Rasterisation of Lines
		7.3.1 Lines and Raster Graphics
		7.3.2 Midpoint Algorithm for Lines According to Bresenham
		7.3.3 Structural Algorithm for Lines According to Brons
		7.3.4 Midpoint Algorithm for Circles
		7.3.5 Drawing Arbitrary Curves
	7.4 Parameters for Drawing Lines
		7.4.1 Fragment Density and Line Style
		7.4.2 Line Styles in the OpenGL
		7.4.3 Drawing Thick Lines
		7.4.4 Line Thickness in the OpenGL
	7.5 Rasterisation and Filling of Areas
		7.5.1 Odd Parity Rule
		7.5.2 Scan Line Technique
		7.5.3 Polygon Rasterisation Algorithm According to Pineda
		7.5.4 Interpolation of Associated Data
		7.5.5 Rasterising and Filling Polygons in the OpenGL
	7.6 Aliasing Effect and Antialiasing
		7.6.1 Examples of the Aliasing Effect
		7.6.2 Antialiasing
		7.6.3 Pre-Filtering
		7.6.4 Pre-Filtering in the OpenGL
		7.6.5 Post-Filtering
		7.6.6 Post-Filtering Algorithms
		7.6.7 Sample Arrangements for Post-Filtering
		7.6.8 Post-Filtering in the OpenGL
	7.7 Exercises
	References
8 Visibility Considerations
	8.1 Line Clipping in 2D
		8.1.1 Cohen–Sutherland Clipping Algorithmus
		8.1.2 Cyrus–Beck Clipping Algorithmus
	8.2 Image-Space and Object-Space Methods
		8.2.1 Backface Culling
		8.2.2 Partitioning Methods
		8.2.3 The Depth Buffer Algorithm
		8.2.4 Scan-Line Algorithms
		8.2.5 Priority Algorithms
	8.3 Exercises
	References
9 Lighting Models
	9.1 Light Sources of Local Illumination
	9.2 Reflections by Phong
	9.3 The Lighting Model According to Phong in the OpenGL
	9.4 Shading
	9.5 Shading in the OpenGL
	9.6 Shadows
	9.7 Opacity and Transparency
	9.8 Radiosity Model
	9.9 Raycasting and Raytracing
	9.10 Exercises
	References
10 Textures
	10.1 Texturing Process
		10.1.1 Mipmap and Level of Detail: Variety in Miniature
		10.1.2 Applications of Textures: Approximation of Light, Reflection, Shadow, Opacity and Geometry
	10.2 Textures in the OpenGL
	10.3 Exercises
	References
11 Special Effects and Virtual Reality
	11.1 Factors for Good Virtual Reality Applications
	11.2 Fog
	11.3 Fog in the OpenGL
	11.4 Particle Systems
	11.5 A Particle System in the OpenGL
	11.6 Dynamic Surfaces
	11.7 Interaction and Object Selection
	11.8 Object Selection in the OpenGL
	11.9 Collision Detection
	11.10 Collision Detection in the OpenGL
	11.11 Auralisation of Acoustic Scenes
		11.11.1 Acoustic Scenes
		11.11.2 Localisability
		11.11.3 Simulation
		11.11.4 Reproduction Systems
		11.11.5 Ambisonics
		11.11.6 Interfaces and Standards
	11.12 Spatial Vision and Stereoscopy
		11.12.1 Perceptual Aspects of Spatial Vision
		11.12.2 Stereoscopy Output Techniques
		11.12.3 Stereoscopic Projections
		11.12.4 Stereoscopy in the OpenGL
	11.13 Exercises
	References
Appendix A Web References
Appendix  Index