INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIORAL ENDOCRINOLOGY.

Cover
Front Endpapers: Hormones
Front Matter
	Copyright Page
	Dedication
	Brief Contents
	Contents
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Media and Supplements
Chapter 1 The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology
	Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology
		Berthold’s Experiment
	What Are Hormones?
	The Study of Behavior
		Problems of Behavioral Research
		The Simple System Approach
		Levels of Analysis
	How Might Hormones Affect Behavior?
	How Might Behavior Affect Hormones?
	Classes of Evidence for Determining Hormone-Behavior Interactions
	Common Techniques in Behavioral Endocrinology
		Ablation and Replacement
		Immunoassays
		Immunocytochemistry
		Autoradiography
		Blot Tests
		In Situ Hybridization
		Pharmacological Techniques
		Anterograde and Retrograde Tract Tracing
		Brain Imaging
		Genetic Manipulations
		Gene Arrays
		Electrical Recording, Stimulation, and Optogenetics
		A Case Study: Effects of Leptin on Behavior
		Summary
Chapter 2 The Endocrine System
	Chemical Communication
	General Features of the Endocrine System
	The Major Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
		Protein and Peptide Hormones
		Steroid Hormones
		Monoamine Hormones
		Lipid-Based Hormones
	How Hormones Are Regulated
	Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action
		Hormone Receptor Types
		Transcription, Translation, and Posttranslational Events
	Evolution of Hormones
	Summary
Chapter 3 Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation
	Sex Determination and Differentiation
		Ultimate Causes of Sex Differences
		Proximate Causes of Sex Differences
	Mammalian Sexual Differentiation
		Anomalous Mammalian Sexual Differentiation
		Trisomic anomalies
	Sexual Differentiation in Birds
	Environmental Sex Determination in Reptiles and Fishes
	Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Male Polymorphism
	The Effects of Hormones on Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors
		The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis
		Sexual Differentiation and Behavior
		Early Effects of Androgens Mediated by Activational Effects of Sex Steroids
		Epigenetic Influences on Sexual Differentiation
		Environmental Influences on Mammalian Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 4 Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans
	Why Study Sex Differences?
	Neural Bases of Mammalian Sex Differences
	Molecular Sex Differences in the Brain
	Animal Models for Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors
		Birdsong
		Courtship Behavior of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish
		Rough-and-Tumble Play in Primates
	Sex Differences in Human Behavior
		Gender Role
		Gender Identity
		Sexual Orientation/Sexual Preference
	Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities
		Perception and Sensory Abilities
		Lateralization of Cognitive Function
		Verbal Skills
		Mathematical Reasoning and Visuospatial Abilities
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 5 Male Reproductive Behavior
	The Proximate Bases of Male Sexual Behavior
	Historical Origins of Research on Male Sexual Behavior
	Male Sexual Behavior in Rodents
		Male Mating Behavior in Rats: A Description
		Hormonal Correlates of Male Mating Behavior in Rodents
		Brain Mechanisms of Male Rodent Mating Behavior
		Social Influences on Male Rodent Mating Behavior
		Individual Differences in Male Rodent Mating Behavior
	Male Sexual Behavior in Primates
		The Strength of the Sex Drive in Human Males
		Human Male Sexual Behavior: A Description
		Nonhuman Primate Male Sexual Behavior: A Description
		Hormonal Correlates of Primate Male Sexual Behavior
		Brain Mechanisms of Primate Male Sexual Behavior
		Social Influences on Men’s Sexual Behavior
		Individual Variation and Effects of Aging on Male Sexual Behavior
		Peptide Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior
	Male Reproductive Behavior in Birds
	Male Reproductive Behavior in Reptiles
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 6 Female Reproductive Behavior
	Early Discoveries about Female Sexual Behavior
		The Development of the Vaginal Cytological Assay
		Research in the Twentieth Century
	Mammalian Female Mating Behavior: A Description
		Rodents
		Canines
		Primates
	Are Females Active Participants in Sexual Behavior?
	Components of Female Sexual Behavior
		Attractivity
		Proceptivity
		Receptivity
	Female Reproductive Cycles
		Types of Reproductive Cycles
		The Ecology of Reproductive Cycles
		Social and Environmental Effects on Reproductive Cycles
	Experimental Analyses of Female Sexual Behavior
		Hormonal Correlates of Female Reproductive Cycles
		Neural Mechanisms Mediating Female Sexual Behavior
		Gene Knockouts
		A Neural Model of Lordosis
	Neural Mechanisms Underlying Primate Sexual Behaviors
	Summary
Chapter 7 Parental Behavior
	Parental Investment Theory
	Sex Differences in Parental Behavior
	Parental Behavior in Birds
		Endocrine Correlates of Avian Parental Behavior
	Parental Behavior in Mammals
		Mammalian Maternal Behavior
		Mammalian Paternal Behavior
		Endocrine Correlates of Mammalian Parental Behavior
		Endocrine Correlates of Primate Parental Behavior
		Neural Changes Associated with Mammalian Parental Behavior
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 8 Hormones and Social Behavior
	Imaging Studies of Humans
	Adaptive Function of Affiliation
	Hormones and Affiliation
	Evolutionary Basis for Social Effects of the Nonapeptides
	Opioids and Affiliation
	Seasonal Changes in Aggression
		Aggression and the Breeding Cycle: Red Deer
		Aggression and Winter Survival: Birds
		Aggression and Winter Survival: Rodents
		Testosterone and the Energetic Costs of Aggression: Lizards
		Do Seasonal Hormonal Changes in Primates Correlate with Aggression?
	Pubertal Changes in Aggression
		Social Influences on the Development of Aggressive Behavior
		Aggression at Puberty as a Possible Adaptation: Rodents
		The Timing of Puberty: Birds
		Hormones and Dispersal Strategies: Primates
	Sex Differences in Aggressive Behavior
		Organization and Activation of Aggression: Mice
		Dispersal: Ground Squirrels
		Dominance Status: Canines
		Play Behavior: Primates
	Individual Differences in Aggression
	Social Experience Feeds Back to Influence Hormone Concentrations
		The Challenge Hypothesis: Birds
		Conditioned Social Defeat
		Hormones, Competition, and Violent Behavior: Humans
	Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormonal Effects on Aggressive Behaviors
		Brain Regions Associated with Aggression
		Brain Steroid Hormone Receptors
		Estrogen Receptors
		Androgen Receptors
		Serotonin
		Vasopressin
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 9 Homeostasis and Behavior
	Basic Concepts in Homeostasis
		Fluid Balance
		Endocrine Regulation of Fluid Balance and Thirst
		Sodium Balance
		How Do Hormones Regulate Drinking Behavior?
	Energy Balance
		Metabolism during the Well-Fed State
		Metabolism during the Fasting State
	Deranged Energy Metabolism
	Primary Sensory Signals and Secondary Mediators
	Control of Food Intake
		Peripheral Signals
		Central Signals: The Role of the Hypothalamus
		Central Anabolic Effectors: Peptides That Promote Food Intake
		Central Catabolic Effectors: Peptides That Inhibit Food Intake
		Hindbrain and Brain Stem
		Protein Hormones That Stop Food Intake
		Other Factors That Influence Food Intake
	Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Food Intake, and Body Mass
		Estrogens and Progestins
		Androgens
		Inhibition of Reproduction to Maintain Energy Balance
		Specific Hungers
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 10 Biological Rhythms
	Exogenous versus Endogenous Control of Biological Clocks
	Types of Biological Clocks and Rhythms
		Examples of Biological Rhythms in Behavior
		Adaptive Function of Biological Clocks
	Circadian Clocks
		Localization and Characterization of Circadian Clocks
		Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Clocks
		SCN as Master Circadian Clock
		SCN Inputs and Outputs
	Circadian Rhythms, Hormones, and Behavior
		Effects of Hormones on the SCN
		Effects of the SCN on Hormones
		Circadian Regulation of Food Intake
	Circadian Rhythms in Health and Disease
	Circannual and Seasonal Rhythms
		Ultimate and Proximate Factors Underlying Seasonality
		Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonality
		Timing Mechanisms
		Neural Mechanisms of Endogenous and Exogenous Seasonal Timekeeping
		Activational Aspects of Timing Mechanisms
	Conclusions
	Summary
Chapter 11 Stress
	Stress and Its Consequences
	The Stress Response
		General Adaptation Syndrome
		What Is “Stress”?
	Physiological Effects of the Stress Response
	Pathological Effects of the Stress Response
	Factors That Affect Stress Responsiveness
		Perinatal Stress
		Social Influences
	Stress Effects on Reproductive Function
		Males
		Females
		Sex Differences
		Individual Differences
	Stress and Social Behavior
		Population Density and Dispersal
		Social Dominance
		Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
	Seasonal Fluctuations in Stress Responses
	Psychological Factors in Stress and Coping
		Control
		Predictability
		Outlets for Frustration
		Habituation
	Summary
Chapter 12 Learning and Memory
	Components of Learning and Memory
		Nonassociative Learning
		Associative Learning
		Memory
	The Effects of Hormones on Learning and Memory
		Epinephrine
		Insulin
		Glucocorticoids
	Sex Differences in Learning and Memory
		Sex Differences and Stress
		Effects of Estrogens
		Effects of Androgens
	Seasonal Fluctuations in Learning and Memory
		Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH )
		Vasopressin and Oxytocin
		Endogenous Opioids
		Cholecystokinin
	Summary
Chapter 13 Hormones and Affective Disorders
	Hormones and Depression
		Thyroid Hormones
		Growth Hormone and Prolactin
		Cortisol
		Estrogens
	Postpartum Depression
	Perimenstrual Syndrome
		The Social Context of PMS
		What Is PMS?
		Hormonal Correlates of PMS
		Cognitive Features of PMS
	Seasonal Affective Disorder
	Androgens and Affective Disorders
	Hormones and Eating Disorders
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia Nervosa
	Summary
Glossary
Illustration Credits
References
Index
About the Book
Back Endpapers: Hormones (continued)