Introduction to Audiology

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 16
Part I Elements of Audiology......Page 23
 1 The Profession of Audiology......Page 25
  The Evolution of Audiology......Page 26
  Licensing and Certification......Page 27
  Prevalence and Impact of Hearing Loss......Page 28
  A Blending of Art and Science......Page 29
  Audiology Specialties......Page 30
  Employment Settings......Page 34
  Summary......Page 35
  Endnote......Page 36
 2 The Human Ear and Simple Tests of Hearing......Page 37
  Pathways of Sound......Page 38
  Types of Hearing Loss......Page 39
  Tuning Fork Tests......Page 41
  Summary......Page 48
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 49
  Endnotes......Page 50
 3 Sound and Its Measurement......Page 51
  Waves......Page 52
  Vibrations......Page 55
  Frequency......Page 56
  Sound Velocity......Page 57
  Wavelength......Page 58
  Phase......Page 59
  Complex Sounds......Page 60
  Intensity......Page 62
  The Decibel......Page 64
  Psychoacoustics......Page 70
  Impedance......Page 74
  Sound Measurement......Page 75
  Summary......Page 86
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 87
  Endnotes......Page 88
Part II Hearing Assessment......Page 89
 4 Pure-Tone Audiometry......Page 91
  The Pure-Tone Audiometer......Page 92
  Test Environment......Page 93
  The Patient’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry......Page 95
  The Clinician’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry......Page 97
  Air-Conduction Audiometry......Page 98
  Bone-Conduction Audiometry......Page 106
  Audiogram Interpretation......Page 109
  Computerized Audiometry......Page 114
  Summary......Page 116
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 117
  Endnotes......Page 118
 5 Speech Audiometry......Page 119
  The Patient’s Role in Speech Audiometry......Page 120
  Speech-Threshold Testing......Page 121
  Bone-Conduction SRT......Page 125
  Uncomfortable Loudness Level......Page 127
  Speech-Recognition Testing......Page 128
  Computerized Speech Audiometry......Page 139
  Summary......Page 141
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 145
  Endnote......Page 146
 6 Masking ......Page 147
  Cross Hearing in Air- and Bone-Conduction Audiometry......Page 148
  Masking ......Page 149
  Masking for the Speech-Recognition Threshold......Page 163
  Cross Hearing and Masking in Speech-Recognition Score Testing......Page 166
  Summary......Page 169
  Endnote......Page 170
 7 Physiological Tests of the Auditory System ......Page 171
  Acoustic Immittance......Page 172
  Acoustic Reflexes......Page 180
  Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs)......Page 186
  Laser-Doppler Vibrometer Measurement......Page 189
  Auditory-Evoked Potentials......Page 190
  A Historical Note......Page 201
  Summary......Page 204
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 205
  Suggested Reading......Page 206
 8 Pediatric Audiology......Page 207
  Auditory Responses......Page 208
  Identifying Hearing Loss in Infants under 3 Months of Age......Page 209
  Objective Testing in Routine Pediatric Hearing Evaluation......Page 214
  Behavioral Testing of Children from Birth to Approximately 2 Years of Age......Page 217
  Behavioral Testing of Children Approximately 2 to 5 Years of Age......Page 220
  Language Disorders......Page 226
  Auditory Processing Disorders......Page 227
  Identifying Hearing Loss in the Schools......Page 228
  Nonorganic Hearing Loss in Children......Page 232
  Summary......Page 234
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 235
  Endnotes......Page 236
Part III Hearing Disorders......Page 237
 9 The Outer Ear......Page 239
  Anatomy and Physiology of the Outer Ear......Page 240
  Development of the Outer Ear......Page 244
  Disorders of the Outer Ear and Their Treatments......Page 245
  Summary......Page 255
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 256
  Endnotes......Page 258
 10 The Middle Ear......Page 259
  Anatomy and Physiology of the Middle Ear......Page 260
  Development of the Middle Ear......Page 265
  Disorders of the Middle Ear and Their Treatments......Page 266
  Other Causes of Middle-Ear Hearing Loss......Page 290
  Summary......Page 291
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 292
  Endnotes......Page 293
 11 The Inner Ear ......Page 294
  Anatomy and Physiology of the Inner Ear......Page 295
  Development of the Inner Ear......Page 306
  Causes of Inner-Ear Disorders......Page 307
  Summary......Page 332
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 333
  Endnotes......Page 335
 12 The Auditory Nerve and Central AuditoryPathways......Page 336
  From Cochlea to Auditory Cortex and Back Again......Page 337
  Disorders of the Auditory Nerve......Page 340
  Disorders of the Cochlear Nuclei......Page 348
  Disorders of the Higher Auditory Pathways......Page 350
  Tests for Auditory Processing Disorders......Page 352
  Summary......Page 361
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 362
  Endnotes......Page 363
 13 Nonorganic Hearing Loss......Page 364
  Terminology......Page 365
  Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss......Page 367
  Indications of Nonorganic Hearing Loss......Page 368
  Performance on Routine Hearing Tests......Page 369
  Tests for Nonorganic Hearing Loss......Page 371
  Tinnitus......Page 377
  Management of Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss......Page 378
  Summary......Page 380
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 381
  Suggested Reading......Page 382
Part IV Management of Hearing Loss......Page 383
 14 Amplification/Sensory Systems......Page 385
  Hearing Aid Development......Page 386
  Hearing Aid Circuit Overview......Page 387
  Electroacoustic Characteristics of Hearing Aids......Page 388
  Types of Hearing Aids......Page 392
  Selecting Hearing Aids for Adults......Page 403
  Selecting Hearing Aids for Children......Page 407
  Hearing Aid Acceptance and Orientation......Page 408
  Dispensing Hearing Aids......Page 409
  Hearing Assistance Technologies......Page 410
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 417
  Suggested Reading......Page 418
 15 Audiological Treatment......Page 419
  Patient Histories......Page 420
  Referral to Other Specialists......Page 423
  Audiological Counseling......Page 427
  Management of Adult Hearing Impairment......Page 434
  Management of Childhood Hearing Impairment......Page 439
  The Deaf Community......Page 444
  Management of Auditory Processing Disorders......Page 445
  Management of Tinnitus......Page 447
  Hyperacusis......Page 449
  Vestibular Rehabilitation......Page 450
  Multicultural Considerations......Page 452
  Evidenced-Based Practice ......Page 453
  Outcome Measures......Page 454
  Summary......Page 457
  Frequently Asked Questions......Page 458
  Endnote......Page 459
Glossary......Page 460
References......Page 474
Author Index......Page 494
Subject Index......Page 498