Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation (Aerospace Series (PEP))

Introduction to Antenna Placement and Installation......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
About the Author......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Series Preface......Page 23
1.1 Introduction......Page 25
1.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 26
1.2.1 Reflection......Page 27
1.2.2 Refraction......Page 28
1.2.3 Diffraction......Page 32
1.3.1 Waveforms in the Time Domain......Page 34
1.3.2 Phasors......Page 36
1.4 Polarization......Page 39
1.4.2 Circular and Elliptical Polarization......Page 40
1.4.3 Axial Ratio......Page 43
1.4.4 Measurement of Polarization Purity......Page 44
1.5 Characteristics of an Antenna......Page 45
1.5.1 Radiation Patterns......Page 46
1.5.2 Directivity, Gain and Efficiency......Page 53
1.5.4 Beamwidth and Gain of the Main Lobe......Page 54
1.5.5 Position and Magnitude of the Lobes......Page 56
1.5.6 Bandwidth......Page 57
1.5.7 Polarization......Page 59
1.6.1 Power Flux Density......Page 60
1.6.2 Guided Waves......Page 62
1.6.3 Free Space Waves......Page 66
References......Page 68
2.1 Aircraft Systems......Page 69
2.3 Automatic Direction Finding......Page 70
2.5 Distance Measuring Equipment......Page 73
2.6 Electronic Counter Measures......Page 74
2.7.3 DOA from Antenna Position......Page 75
2.7.4 DOA Using Amplitude Comparison......Page 76
2.7.5 DOA Using Phase Comparison......Page 78
2.8 Emergency Locator Transmitter/Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon......Page 79
2.9 Global Positioning System......Page 80
2.10 HF......Page 82
2.11.1 ILS Marker......Page 83
2.11.2 ILS Glideslope and Localizer......Page 84
2.12 In-Flight Telephony......Page 87
2.13 Microwave Landing System......Page 88
2.14.1 Doppler Shift......Page 89
2.14.3 Search Radar......Page 91
2.14.4 Weather Radar......Page 92
2.14.6 Secondary Surveillance Radar......Page 93
2.15.1 INMARSAT......Page 94
2.15.6 SatCom Airborne Antennas......Page 95
2.16 Signals Intelligence......Page 97
2.16.2 Electronic Intelligence......Page 98
2.17 Tactical Air Navigation......Page 99
2.18 Traffic Collision Avoidance System......Page 100
2.19 Telemetry......Page 101
2.21 VHF Comms......Page 102
2.22 VHF Omnidirectional Ranging......Page 103
2.23 Equipment Designation......Page 104
References......Page 107
3.2 New Antenna Layouts......Page 109
3.4 Design Phase......Page 111
3.4.1 Initial Paper Design Stage......Page 112
3.4.2 Investigative and Computational Modelling Phase......Page 115
3.4.3 Verification and Implementation Phase......Page 119
3.6.1 Small Aircraft......Page 121
3.6.2 Large Aircraft......Page 122
References......Page 125
4.1.1 Standard Ground Planes......Page 127
4.2.1 Uninstalled and Installed Patterns......Page 128
4.3 Combination of Two Waves......Page 129
4.3.1 Combination in the Time Domain......Page 131
4.3.2 Combination of Two Waves Using Trigonometry......Page 135
4.4.1 Fokker 100 Scaled Model Used for Measurements......Page 138
4.4.2 Cylinder Used for Radiation Pattern Measurements......Page 139
4.6.1 Effect of the Physical Distance from Obstacles......Page 141
4.6.2 Effect of the Electrical Distance from Obstacles......Page 143
4.7 Effect of Wings on the Radiation Pattern......Page 146
4.8 Effect of the Curved Ground Plane and the Electrical Dimensions of the Fuselage......Page 148
4.8.1 Effect of the Curved Fuselage on the Roll Plane Patterns......Page 149
4.8.2 Effect of the Curved Nose Cone and Tail on the Pitch Plane Patterns......Page 152
4.9 Radiation Patterns on Cylinders in the Absence of Obstacles......Page 154
References......Page 155
5.2.1 Far Field for Wire Antennas......Page 157
5.2.2 Far Field for Aperture Antennas......Page 159
5.3 Antennas on Aerostructures......Page 161
5.5 Dipoles......Page 162
5.5.2 Resonant Dipoles......Page 163
5.5.4 Crossed Dipoles......Page 166
5.5.5 Dipole Arrays......Page 167
5.6 Monopoles......Page 168
5.6.2 Top Loaded Monopoles......Page 169
5.6.3 Small Monopoles......Page 171
5.6.4 Broadband Monopoles......Page 172
5.6.5 Tuned Monopoles......Page 173
5.7 Loops and Notches......Page 174
5.8 Helixes......Page 176
5.9 Flat/Planar Spirals......Page 177
5.10.1 Patch Arrays......Page 180
5.12.1 Antennas and the Fourier Transform......Page 181
5.13 Waveguide Fed Antennas......Page 194
5.13.1 Waveguide Theory......Page 195
5.13.3 Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna......Page 198
5.13.4 Phased Array Antennas......Page 199
5.14 Model Numbers Used by Different Manufacturers......Page 200
References......Page 202
6.2 Coupling between Systems on an Aircraft......Page 203
6.2.1 Conducted Emissions inside the Airframe......Page 204
6.2.4 Conducted Emissions outside the Airframe......Page 205
6.2.7 Coupling between Systems due to Radiated Emissions Outside the Airframe......Page 206
6.3 Techniques for Achieving RF Interoperability......Page 207
6.3.2 Time Domain Measures......Page 208
6.3.4 Receiver Blanking......Page 209
6.3.5 Frequency Filters......Page 210
6.3.6 EM Shielding......Page 211
6.4 Modulation......Page 214
6.4.1 Amplitude Modulation......Page 215
6.4.3 Frequency Modulation......Page 216
6.4.4 Pulsed Radar......Page 217
6.5 Coupling due to Radiated Emissions through the Antennas......Page 218
6.6 Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas......Page 221
6.6.1 Spatial Isolation......Page 222
6.6.2 Calculation of Coupling between Systems with LOS Antennas......Page 224
6.6.3 Out-of-Band Coupling......Page 228
6.7 Coupling between Systems for Antennas on Opposite Surfaces of the Fuselage......Page 230
6.7.1 Problems with Estimating Coupling at the Higher Frequencies......Page 232
6.8.1 Bull and Smithers......Page 234
6.8.2 Simple Diffraction......Page 237
6.9 Derivation of an Empirical Formula that Correlates with the Measured Data......Page 241
References......Page 246
7.1 Introduction......Page 247
7.2.1 Reasons for Computer Modelling of Antennas on Structures......Page 248
7.2.2 Systems Performance Using Antenna Modelling......Page 249
7.2.4 Modelling the Exterior Surface......Page 251
7.2.5 Modelling the Antenna......Page 252
7.3 Generic Types of Computer Modelling......Page 254
7.3.1 Classification of Generic Forms of Computer Packages......Page 255
7.4 Method of Moments......Page 256
7.4.1 Enhancements......Page 259
7.4.2 Comparison with Scaled Model Measurements......Page 262
7.5 Finite Difference Time Domain......Page 263
7.6 GTD/UTD......Page 265
7.6.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction......Page 266
7.6.3 Creeping Waves Around Cylinders......Page 267
7.6.4 Limitations of GTD/UTD Modelling......Page 268
7.6.5 Geometric Surface Models for GTD/UTD......Page 271
7.6.6 Higher-Order Interactions......Page 272
7.6.7 Comparison of GTD/UTD with Scaled Model Measurements......Page 273
7.7 Physical Optics......Page 275
7.8 Hybrid Methods......Page 276
7.8.2 Physical Optics and Hybrid MoM/PO......Page 277
7.8.3 Hybrid of MoM and GTD/UTD......Page 278
7.9 Comparison of Predicted Surface Currents......Page 280
7.9.1 Comparison between the Surface Currents on an Airframe using Different Codes......Page 281
7.9.2 Surface Currents on a Simplistic Airframe for Different Meshes......Page 283
7.10 Code-to-code Comparison of Radiation Patterns Predicted on the Simplistic Airframe......Page 285
7.11 Relationship between Number of Unknowns and Surface Area......Page 287
References......Page 289
8.1 Introduction......Page 291
8.2 Positioners......Page 292
8.2.1 Phase Centre Error......Page 293
8.3.1 Range Antennas......Page 295
8.3.3 Antennas Used in Compact Ranges......Page 296
8.4.1 Use of Scaled Models......Page 297
8.4.2 Characteristics of Scaled Models......Page 298
8.5 Scaled Antennas......Page 299
8.5.1 Monopole Antennas......Page 300
8.6 Absorbers......Page 302
8.6.1 Carbon Loaded Foam RAM......Page 303
8.7 Measurement Facilities......Page 305
8.9.2 Rectangular Chambers......Page 306
8.10 Compact Ranges......Page 307
8.11 Near-Field Facilities......Page 309
8.11.1 Planar Near-Field Facilities......Page 310
8.11.2 Cylindrical Near-Field Facilities......Page 311
8.11.4 Advanced Antenna Near-Field Test System......Page 313
8.12 Outdoor Far-Field Ranges......Page 315
8.12.2 Elevated Ranges......Page 316
8.12.4 Ground Reflection Ranges......Page 318
8.12.5 Open Area Test Sites (OATS)......Page 319
8.13 Ground Test Measurements......Page 321
8.13.1 Radiation Pattern Measurements......Page 322
8.13.2 Coupling Measurements......Page 323
8.14 In-Flight Measurements for System and Inter-System Testing......Page 324
References......Page 325
9.2 Conductivity of Common Metals......Page 327
9.4 Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Common Materials......Page 328
9.5 Electrochemical Series......Page 329
9.6 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency Bands for Different Nomenclatures......Page 330
9.6.2 Frequency Bands and Wavelengths for Different Nomenclatures......Page 331
9.7 Formulas......Page 332
9.8 Frequency to Wavelength......Page 342
9.9 Gain in dB and Gain as a Linear Ratio......Page 343
9.11.2 Conversion Factors for Areas......Page 344
9.12 Periodic Table Alphabetically......Page 345
9.14 Power in dBm and Power in Watts......Page 352
9.16 Terms and Definitions......Page 356
9.17 VSWR to Return Loss......Page 361
Appendix: Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 365
Index......Page 413