Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ArcGIS: A Workbook Approach to Learning GIS

Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ArcGIS® Third Edition: A Workbook Approach to Learning GIS......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 29
Preface to Third Edition......Page 31
Changes from the Previous Editions......Page 32
Acknowledgments for the Third Edition......Page 34
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition......Page 35
Preface to First Edition......Page 37
Contents of Introducing Geographic Information Systems with ArcGIS......Page 38
Theory and Practice......Page 39
Teaching with This Book......Page 40
Concepts, Devices, and Techniques that Underlie the Philosophy of the Book......Page 41
Acknowledgments......Page 43
Introduction......Page 45
Part I: Basic Concepts of GIS......Page 47
You Ask: \"What Is GIS About?\"......Page 49
And So You Ask Again: \"What Is GIS About?\"......Page 50
Exercise 1-1 (Project): Finding a Geographic Site by Manual Means......Page 51
More of What GIS Is About......Page 56
Next Steps: Seemingly Independent Things You Need To Know......Page 57
Determining Where Something Is: Coordinate Systems......Page 58
Determining Where Something Is: Latitude and Longitude......Page 60
Projected Coordinate Systems......Page 61
Two Projected Coordinate Systems: UTM and State Plane......Page 63
Physical Dimensionality......Page 66
Remote Sensing......Page 68
Relational Databases......Page 69
Searching (and Indexing) in General......Page 75
Another Definition of GIS......Page 76
Computer Software: In General......Page 78
Exercise 1-2 (Project): Developing a Fast Facts File for the Information You Learn......Page 81
Understanding the File Structure for the Exercises......Page 82
Exercise 1-3 (Minor Project): Getting Set Up with ArcGIS......Page 83
Exercise 1-4 (Project): Looking at the ArcCatalog Program......Page 84
Anatomy of the ArcCatalog Window......Page 85
Setting Some Options......Page 86
The Catalog Tree......Page 88
Connecting to a Folder......Page 90
The Toolbars and the Status Bar......Page 91
An Optional Step......Page 95
Exploring Basic GIS Data Storage Models......Page 96
Copying Data over to Your Personal Folder......Page 97
Examining the Table......Page 100
Sorting the Records......Page 101
Finding Values in a Table......Page 102
Identifying Geographic Features and Coordinates......Page 103
Looking at GeoGraphics......Page 104
A First Look at Metadata......Page 105
Using ArcCatalog to Place Data in ArcMap......Page 107
Exercise 1-6 (Project): A Look at Some Spatial Data for Finding a Site for the Wildcat Boat Facility......Page 109
Copying Data over to Your Personal IGIS Folder......Page 110
Searching for GIS Data......Page 111
Exploring Soils......Page 116
But Something Is Missing......Page 117
Is the Newly Found Data Applicable?......Page 119
Making a Personal Geodatabase Feature Class from a Coverage......Page 120
Looking at the Landcover Personal Geodatabase Feature Class......Page 121
Further Examining the Wildcat Boat Facility Area Data Sets......Page 122
Exercise 1-7 (Project): Looking at Wildcat Boat Data with ArcMap......Page 125
A Button for Instant Help: What\'s This? (for ArcGIS Desktop version 10.0 only)......Page 128
The Help System and Documentation......Page 129
ArcGIS Help across the Internet......Page 130
Exercise 1-9 (Dull Stuff): Using ArcCatalog for Mundane Operations......Page 131
Exercise 1-10 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 132
What\'s Next?......Page 134
The Original Form of Spatial Data: Maps......Page 135
Moving Spatial Data from Maps to Computers: Forces for Change......Page 136
Spatial Data......Page 140
Sets of Spatial Data: The Database......Page 141
Spatial Databases: Inherent Difficulties......Page 142
Information Systems......Page 147
Uses for a Geographic Information System......Page 149
Exercise 2-1 (Mostly Outside): Appreciating Geographic Space and Spatial Data......Page 159
Exercise 2-2 (Setup): ArcMap Toolbar Examination and Review......Page 160
Exploring Data from the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 163
Seeing the GPS File in ArcMap......Page 164
A Potpourri of Types of Geographic Data......Page 168
Displaying Layers from Vector-Based Datasets......Page 171
Housekeeping: Saving and Restoring a Map......Page 173
Selecting: Both Map Data and Attribute Data......Page 174
County Boundaries and Polygons......Page 177
TIGER/Line Files......Page 179
The Table of Contents: Display vs. Source vs. Selection......Page 180
Digital Raster Graphics and Cell-Based Files......Page 182
A Look (Optional) at How DRG Color Values Are Put Together......Page 186
Experimenting with Different Ways of Seeing Data......Page 187
Digital Orthophotos......Page 189
More TIGER/Line Files......Page 191
Another Tie between Attributes and Geographics......Page 194
Digital Elevation Model Files......Page 195
Contour Line Files......Page 199
Exercise 2-5 (Project): Triangulated Irregular Networks......Page 201
TINs are Three-Dimensional Datasets......Page 204
Elevation Based on Massive Sets of Data: The Esri Terrain......Page 206
Exercise 2-6 (Project): Geodatasets of Soils, Rocks, and Land Cover......Page 207
The Summarizing Procedure......Page 208
Some Geological Data......Page 210
Rasters of Land Cover Data......Page 211
You Are Not Alone (Assuming you have an Internet connection)......Page 213
Exercise 2-7 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 214
The Next Chapter......Page 217
GIS and Cartography—Compatibility?......Page 219
Overall Requirements for Utility......Page 220
Classification of GIS Products......Page 221
Documenting Products......Page 223
Don\'t Hesitate to Sort Information......Page 224
Elements of Product Design......Page 225
Making Sure There Is a Base Map......Page 226
The Decision Maker–Product Interface......Page 227
In Summary......Page 228
The Data View and the Layout View......Page 229
Exercise 3-1 (Warm-up): Templates......Page 230
Exercise 3-2 (Project): Templates That Contain Data......Page 232
Controlling Your View of the Map: Zooming......Page 234
Understanding the Panning and Other Controls......Page 235
Adding Other Map Elements......Page 236
Exercise 3-3 (Major Project): Data Frames......Page 238
Adding Data to Data Frames......Page 239
Tinkering with the Map—Scale Bars......Page 241
Legends......Page 242
Exercise 3-4 (Mini Project): Looking at the Plethora of Mapmaking Tools and Options......Page 244
Exercise 3-6 (Major Project): Publishing Maps on the Internet......Page 247
Layer Files......Page 252
Layer Packages......Page 255
Styles......Page 256
Adding and Using a Style......Page 257
Reports......Page 258
Charts and Graphs......Page 262
Graphics......Page 264
Making Graphics out of Geographic Features......Page 269
Exercise 3-8: Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 270
Why Is Spatial Data Analysis So Hard?......Page 273
Complexity of Spatial Data......Page 274
Structures for Spatial Data......Page 275
Fundamental Bases of Geographic Data Models......Page 276
The Raster Data Model......Page 278
Vector Data Model......Page 280
Vector-Based Geographic Datasets—Logical Construction......Page 281
Zero-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Points......Page 282
One-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Lines......Page 283
Two-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Polygons......Page 284
Three-Dimensional Entities in a Three-Dimensional Field: Triangles and Multipatches......Page 285
Geodatabase Software......Page 286
Polygons within Polygons—Perimeter and Area Calculations......Page 287
Geodatabases—Logical Construction......Page 289
Geodatabases—Feature Shape......Page 290
Geodatabases and Attributes......Page 291
The Shapefile Data Structure......Page 293
Shapefiles—Layout in the Computer......Page 294
Summary of Logical Structures of Vector-Based GIS Datasets......Page 295
Raster-Based Geographic Data Sets—Logical Construction......Page 296
Raster-Based Geographic Data Sets—Layout in the Computer......Page 297
TINs......Page 299
TIN-Based Geographic Data Sets—Layout in the Computer......Page 300
Spatial Reference......Page 301
Exercise 4-1 (Warm-up): Meet ArcToolbox......Page 303
Exercise 4-2 (Warm-up): A Look at Some Trivial Personal Geodatabase Feature Classes......Page 305
More Help......Page 306
Exercise 4-3 (Minor Project): Adding Tools and Toolboxes to your Toolset......Page 308
Specification of your Input Text File for the \"Create Features from Text File\" Tool......Page 309
Labeling Features......Page 312
Making Polygons from Lines......Page 314
Labeling Features with Selected Attributes......Page 315
Exercise 4-5 (Quick Quiz): Areas and Perimeters......Page 316
Exercise 4-6 (Project): Making a File Geodatabase Feature Class for Foozit_Court......Page 317
Exercise 4-7 (Exploration): Understanding Some Things That Don\'t Look Right......Page 318
Computers and Inexact Computation......Page 320
Exercise 4-8 (Project): Geodatabase Topology......Page 322
Specifying Which Feature Moves When Features Are Adjusted: Rank......Page 323
Topology Rules......Page 324
Validating Topology......Page 325
Exercise 4-9 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 327
Concerns about Finding and Collecting Data......Page 329
Steps in Developing the Database......Page 330
GPS and GIS......Page 335
Anatomy of the Acronym: GPS......Page 337
What Time Is It?......Page 340
Exercise 5-1 (Warm-up): Looking at Areal Representations of the Real World......Page 341
Looking at Reference Systems......Page 342
Looking at Coordinate Systems......Page 344
Using the Reference System to Discover the Boundary Coordinates of a State Plane Zone......Page 345
Exercise 5-2 (Project): Look at Geographic Data on the web......Page 347
A Plan for Digitizing and Transforming......Page 348
Loading an Image File as a Layer in ArcMap......Page 349
Adding Line Features to a Shapefile by Using the Editing Facility in ArcMap......Page 351
Converting a Shapefile to a Geodatabse Feature Class and Giving It Real-World Coordinates......Page 355
Moving the Foozit Court Feature Class into the Real World......Page 356
Preliminaries......Page 360
Georeferencing......Page 361
Moving the Sketch to UTM Zone 2......Page 363
Making Polygons of the Digitized Lines......Page 364
Five islands divided by county and agency......Page 365
Merging Multipart Polygons......Page 366
Exercise 5-5 (Warm-up): Digitizing Geodatabase Polygons and Exploring Topology......Page 367
Making Copies of the Feature Class......Page 368
Using \"Clip\" to Remove Overlaps from the Feature Class......Page 369
Using Topology to Remove Overlaps from the Feature Class......Page 370
Making Sketches with Snapping......Page 372
Experimenting with Editor\'s Union......Page 375
Using Undo, Redo, Copy, and Cut......Page 376
Exercise 5-7 (Follow-on): Adding the Sixth Island......Page 377
Creating a 3-D Feature......Page 379
Exercise 5-8 (Project): Obtaining Field Data and Joining Tables......Page 381
Environment and Measurement (Spatial Data)......Page 382
Team Assignments......Page 383
Making a Table That Contains the Coordinate Data......Page 384
Making a Table That Contains the Student Data......Page 385
Seeing the Results of the Join......Page 386
Exercise 5-9 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 388
Part II: Spatial Analysis and Synthesis with GIS......Page 391
Information......Page 393
Computer Hardware—What a Computer Does......Page 395
Continuous and Discrete Phenomena......Page 398
Some Implications of Discrete Representation for GIS......Page 401
Precision vs. Accuracy......Page 402
Basic Statistics......Page 405
Measurement Scales......Page 407
Exercise 6-1 (Project): Reviewing and Learning More of ArcMap......Page 409
Examining the Toolbars......Page 410
Two Windows Are Available for Selecting......Page 411
Selecting Records (and, Thereby, Features)......Page 412
Quick Selection of Features......Page 414
Selecting by Location......Page 415
Layers and the Data Frames......Page 416
Changing Layer Properties......Page 417
Classification (or Categorization) and Symbolization......Page 421
User Selection of Classes......Page 423
Standard Deviation......Page 425
Natural Breaks......Page 426
Using Charts and Graphs......Page 427
Exercise 6-3 (Short Project): Comparing Data Sets: Medically Underserved Areas (MUAs) and Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs)......Page 428
Exercise 6-4 (Major Project): Combining Demographic and Geographic Data......Page 432
Obtaining Data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census......Page 433
Converting the Census Data Spreadsheet to dBASEIV Format......Page 434
Using TIGER-Based Street and Block Shapefiles from Esri......Page 436
Assessing What We Have and What We Need to Solve the Problem......Page 440
Finally......Page 441
Exercise 6-5: Determining Proximity of Points to Lines and Other Points......Page 443
Exercise 6-6 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 445
Generating Features Based on Proximity: Buffering......Page 449
Generating Features by Overlaying......Page 451
Overlaying with Line and Point Feature Classes......Page 453
Spatial Joins in General......Page 455
Deriving Feature Classes by Selecting Attributes: Extraction......Page 456
Exercise 7-1 (Warm-up): Making Trivial Buffers around a Trivial Feature Class......Page 459
Exercise 7-2 (Project): Exploring FEATURE CLASS Buffers with the Wildcat Boat Data......Page 461
Using ArcToolbox to Make Buffer Zones around the Roads......Page 462
Variable-Width Buffers......Page 463
Exercise 7-3 (Project): Manipulate Polygon Feature Classes with Union and Extract......Page 465
Make a New Feature Class from a Subset of Polygons: Extract......Page 469
Other Polygon Spatial Joins: Intersect and Identity......Page 471
Exercise 7-4 (Project): Use Overlay and Extract with Trivial Point and Line Feature Classes......Page 472
The Getrich Saga......Page 475
Deriving Information by Combining Tables......Page 477
Overlaying the Feature Classes......Page 479
Exercise 7-6 (Project): Building a Model of the Getrich Project Solution......Page 481
Create a Python Script from the Gold Model......Page 485
Execute the Python Script......Page 486
Exercise 7-7 (Minor Project): Making Buffers for Solving the Wildcat Boat Problem......Page 487
Exercise 7-8 (Project): Finding a Site for the Wildcat Boat Facility......Page 488
Understanding Dissolve......Page 492
Making New Sites that Including the COST_HA Field......Page 493
Considering the Site Eccentricity Criterion......Page 494
Making a Model of the Wildcat Boat Solution......Page 496
Exercise 7-11 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 498
A Really Different Processing Paradigm......Page 499
Facts about Rasters......Page 500
Coordinate Space......Page 501
Rasters with Integer Cell Values......Page 502
What Is Raster Storage and Processing Good For?......Page 505
Rasters: Input, Computation, and Output......Page 507
Proximity Calculation with Rasters......Page 508
Euclidean Distances on the Raster......Page 509
Proving Pythagoras Right......Page 511
Finding the Closest of Multiple Source Cells......Page 512
Other Factors That Influence Cost......Page 513
The Cost Distance Calculation......Page 514
Path Calculation in Euclidean Distance and Cost Distance......Page 515
Understanding How Total Costs Are Calculated......Page 516
Direction and Allocation Rasters for Cost Distance......Page 517
A Major Application of Raster Processing: Hydrology......Page 518
Basic Surface Hydrology......Page 519
Calculating Flow Direction......Page 520
The Ultimate Destination of Water Is Off the Raster Area......Page 521
Flow Accumulation: Drainage Delineation and Rainfall Volume......Page 522
Nonuniform Rainfall......Page 523
Calculating the Length of a Potential Linear Water Body......Page 524
Assigning Identities to Streams......Page 525
Assigning Orders to Stream Links......Page 526
Watersheds and Pour Points......Page 527
Exercise 8-1 (Project): Basic Raster Principles and Operations......Page 529
The Raster Calculator—Integer Rasters......Page 532
Arithmetic Calculation......Page 533
Boolean Operations......Page 534
Floating-Point Rasters......Page 535
Setting the General and Raster Environment......Page 537
Converting Features to Rasters......Page 538
Creating Rasters with Linear Features......Page 542
Buffering with Spatial Analyst (Maybe)......Page 543
Reclassifying the Data......Page 544
Adding the Rasters with the Raster Calculator......Page 547
Converting Zones to Regions to Find Individual Sites......Page 548
Exercise 8-3 (Project): Solving a Wildcat Boat Problem with Different Requirements......Page 549
Exercise 8-4 (Demonstration): Making Surfaces with IDW, Spline, Trend, Nearest Neighbor, and Kriging......Page 552
Thiessen, Dirichlet, Voronoi (and, of course, Decartes)......Page 555
Making a Raster Showing Straight-Line Distances to a Single Place......Page 557
Examining Many Source Cells and the Capping Distance......Page 560
Developing a Raster with Cost Distance......Page 562
Creating Direction and Allocation Rasters......Page 564
Using Cost Distance to Make Direction and Allocation Rasters......Page 565
Calculating a Least-Cost Path from \"A\" to \"B\"......Page 568
Exercise 8-6 (Project): Putting the Tools Together: Find a Site for a Regional Park......Page 569
Setting Things Up......Page 570
Preparing to Create a Cost Surface......Page 572
Building a Cost Surface......Page 573
Exercise 8-7 (Project): Watershed Analysis......Page 575
Examining the Surface with Various Spatial Analyst and 3D Tools......Page 576
Calculating Stream Order......Page 579
Finding Pollution Culprits......Page 580
Exercise 8-8 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 581
Two Different Third Dimensions: The Temporal and the Vertical Spatial......Page 583
ArcScene......Page 585
ArcGlobe......Page 586
An (Almost) New Software Package: ArcScene......Page 587
ArcScene......Page 588
What\'s 3-D and What\'s Not......Page 589
Viewing 3-D Data with Animation......Page 592
Making a TIN and Other 3-D Representations of Elevation......Page 595
Creating DEM files with Kriging......Page 597
Two-and-a-Half Dimensions (2.5-D): Calculating Volumes......Page 599
Calculating a Volume with ArcGIS......Page 600
Other Neat Stuff You Can Do with 3D Analyst: Viewshed and Hillshade......Page 602
A Closer Look at ArcGlobe and Adding Data to It......Page 604
Making a Terrain......Page 606
3-D: 2-D (Spatial) Plus 1-D (Temporal)......Page 613
Exercise 9-2 (Project): Looking at Infrastructure Changes Occurring over Time......Page 615
Sliding through Time—Seeing Changes in Features at Intervals......Page 619
A Second Fundamental Way of Defining Location......Page 621
TIGER/Line Files......Page 622
Precision of the Geographic Coordinates in TIGER Files......Page 624
Address Locators......Page 625
Exercise 9-3 (Project): Experimenting with Addresses and Coordinates......Page 627
Finding the Geographic Position of an Address \"Manually\"......Page 628
Finding the Geographic Position of an Address \"Automatically\"......Page 630
TIGER Files and ZIP Codes......Page 631
More to Know—More Information Available......Page 632
Analysis of Networks: Overview......Page 633
Exercise 9-4 (Project): Experimenting with Routes and Allocations......Page 635
Finding the Shortest Route to a Facility......Page 639
Allocating Territories to Facilities......Page 641
Linear Referencing: Overview......Page 643
Exercise 9-5 (Project): Experimenting within Linear Features......Page 645
Intersecting Route Events......Page 649
What\'s Not Covered Here......Page 651
Exercise 9-6 (Review): Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File......Page 653
Afterword: From Systems to Science......Page 655
Index......Page 657
Notes......Page 674