Intracellular Niches of Microbes: A Pathogens Guide Through the Host Cell

Intracellular Niches of Microbes: A Pathogens Guide Through the Host Cell......Page 5
Foreword......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 19
Part I: General Aspects......Page 27
1.1 A Short History of Theories and Discoveries......Page 29
1.2 A Look Through the Microscope of Evolution......Page 31
1.3 Continuous Exchange of Information......Page 35
1.4 Evolution of Intracellular Parasitism......Page 36
1.5 Intracellular Symbionts: Tamed or Acclimatized Parasites?......Page 39
1.6 An Ecological View of Intracellular Life......Page 40
1.7 The Immunologist\'s View......Page 42
1.8 The Public Health View......Page 43
References......Page 44
2.1 Introduction to Gene Transfer and Evolution......Page 47
2.2 Gene Transfer in Intracellular Bacterial Parasites......Page 49
2.3 Gene Transfer in Intracellular Symbionts......Page 53
2.4 Gene Transfer in Intracellular Parasites and Fungi......Page 55
2.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 56
References......Page 58
3.1 Phagocytosis: An Overview......Page 63
3.2 Recognition of Target Particles......Page 64
3.3 Signaling Events Upon Ligand Recognition......Page 68
3.4 Membrane Dynamics During Phagocytosis......Page 72
3.5 Phagosome Maturation......Page 74
3.6 Inflammatory Signals Linked to Phagocytosis......Page 76
References......Page 78
4.1 From Grazing to Host Defense......Page 91
4.2 Dictyostelium, a Professional Phagocyte at the Border of Multicellularity......Page 92
4.3 Dictyostelium, a Surrogate Host for Legionella, Mycobacterium and Other Pathogens......Page 93
4.4 Legionella-directed Phagosome Biogenesis......Page 96
4.5 The Whole Animal Model Drosophila melanogaster......Page 98
4.6 Infection of Drosophila Phagocytes......Page 99
4.7 Conclusions......Page 100
References......Page 101
5.1 Describing the World Within – Whole-Cell Assays for Phagosome Contents......Page 103
5.2 Biochemical Analysis and Assays with Purified Phagosomes......Page 113
5.3 Use of Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) in Phagosome Research......Page 114
5.4 Knockdown, Knockout and Phagosome Research......Page 115
5.5 Transcriptomics as a Phagosome Environmental Sensor......Page 116
References......Page 117
6.1 Introduction......Page 121
6.2 A Variety of Assays......Page 122
6.3 Studying Normal Maturation …......Page 127
6.4 … and the Pathogenic Case......Page 129
References......Page 131
7.1 Background......Page 133
7.2 A Methods Guide to Phagosome Proteomics......Page 134
7.3 Particle-Induced Impact on Phagosome Isolation......Page 138
7.4 Comparative Proteomics of Microbe-Containing Vacuoles......Page 139
7.5 Conclusions......Page 147
References......Page 148
8.1 Introduction......Page 151
8.2 The Actin Cytoskeleton. General Background......Page 152
8.3 The Microtubule Cytoskeleton – General Background......Page 162
References......Page 166
9.1 Introduction......Page 171
9.2 Methodological Considerations......Page 172
9.3 Biological Inferences from Expression Profiling......Page 175
9.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 181
References......Page 182
10.1 Come On In, Get Killed! Death in the Shredder......Page 185
10.2 Professionals and Laypersons......Page 189
10.3 Come On In, Have Fun! Life in a Golden Cage......Page 191
10.4 Immune Activation and the Loss of Home......Page 210
10.5 Why Not Pathogens in Peroxisomal Vacuoles?......Page 211
10.7 Summary......Page 212
References......Page 213
11.2 Consequences of Intracellular Localization for Treatment with Antibiotics......Page 217
11.3 Many Roads Lead Into the Host Cell......Page 221
11.5 \"Small Molecules\" Pave the Road to the Future......Page 223
11.6 How Do You Come Up With A Successful \"Small Molecule?\"......Page 224
11.7 A Few More, Maybe Even Practicable, Ideas For the Future …......Page 225
References......Page 226
12.1 General Introduction......Page 229
12.2 Innate Immunity......Page 232
12.3 Adaptive Immunity......Page 243
12.5 Excursus – Immunity in Plants......Page 256
References......Page 258
IIA Vacuolar Bacteria......Page 261
13.1 Introduction of Afipia felis and its Role in Cat Scratch Disease......Page 263
13.2 Uptake and Intracellular Compartmentation of Afipia felis in Murine Macrophages......Page 266
13.3 The Port of Entry Paves the Way for Non-Endocytic Compartmentation......Page 268
13.4 Host and Pathogen Determinants Involved in Diverted Phagosome Biogenesis......Page 276
13.5 Immunology of the Afipia-Containing Phagosome......Page 277
13.6 Summary and Outlook......Page 278
References......Page 279
14.1 Introduction......Page 281
14.2 Characterization of Intra-Host Cell Compartmentation of Brucella and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 284
14.3 Factors Involved in Diverted Phagosome Maturation and Compartment Maintenance......Page 288
14.4 Immunology of Phagosomes Containing Brucella......Page 292
14.5 Conclusions......Page 295
References......Page 296
15.2 Characterization of the Chlamydial Inclusion and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 299
15.3 Genes Involved in Chlamydial Inclusion Maturation......Page 301
15.4 Immunology of the Chlamydial Inclusion......Page 307
References......Page 309
16.1 Coxiella burnetii and Q Fever......Page 313
16.2 Characterization of the Intrahost Compartment of Coxiella and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 314
16.3 Genes Involved in Diverted Phagosome Maturation/Compartment Maintenance......Page 321
16.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 323
References......Page 324
17.1 Ehrlichia and Anaplasma and the Illnesses They Cause in Humans......Page 327
17.2 Characterization of Host Cell Compartmentalization of E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum......Page 328
17.3 Microbe Genes Involved in Subverting Phagosome Maturation/Compartment Maintenance......Page 336
17.4 Immunology of Phagosomes Containing E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum......Page 337
References......Page 338
18.2 The Intracellular Compartment of L. pneumophila......Page 341
18.3 Requirements for Intracellular Replication......Page 342
18.4 The Immune Response to L. pneumophila Infection......Page 346
18.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 348
References......Page 349
19.1 Pathogenic Mycobacteria......Page 353
19.2 Intracellular Compartment and Virulence Properties of Mycobacteria......Page 358
19.3 Host Response and Transmission......Page 372
19.4 Outlook......Page 374
References......Page 375
20.1 Rhodococcus and Nocardia and Illnesses Caused by them......Page 381
20.2 Characterization of Intra-Host Cell Compartmentation and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 383
20.3 Genes Involved in Diverted Phagosome Maturation or Compartmentation and its Maintenance......Page 387
20.4 Immunology of Phagosomes Containing R. equi or N. asteroides......Page 390
20.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 393
References......Page 394
21.1 Introduction......Page 399
21.2 Characterization of the SCV and its Role in Virulence......Page 402
21.3 Factors Affecting SCV Biogenesis......Page 404
21.4 Immunology of the SCV......Page 409
References......Page 410
IIB Intracytosolic Bacteria......Page 417
22.1 Burkholderia pseudomallei and Melioidosis......Page 419
22.2 An Overview of the Intracellular Life of B. pseudomallei......Page 420
22.3 Genome Structure and Diversity of B. pseudomallei......Page 421
22.4 Cell Contact and Adherence......Page 422
22.5 Invasion......Page 424
22.6 Endosome Escape......Page 426
22.7 Actin-Based Motility......Page 427
22.8 Cell Fusion......Page 430
22.9 Intracellular Replication......Page 431
22.10 Immunology of B. pseudomallei-Host Cell Interactions......Page 432
22.11 Concluding Remarks......Page 433
References......Page 434
23.1 Francisella tularensis and Tularemia......Page 441
23.2 F. tularensis Inhibits Phagosome Maturation Prior to Egress and Replication in the Cytosol......Page 442
23.3 F. tularensis Virulence Factors that Disrupt Phagocyte Function......Page 448
23.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 450
References......Page 451
24.1 Listeria and Listeriosis......Page 457
24.2 The Intracellular Lifestyle of Listeria and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 461
24.3 Bacterial Factors Involved in Escape From the Vacuole......Page 467
24.4 Survey Inside the Phagosome and Phagosome Maturation......Page 472
24.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 477
References......Page 478
25.1 An Introduction to Mycobacterium marinum and the Illness Caused by it......Page 481
25.2 Characterization of Intra-Host Cell Compartmentation of M. marinum and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 484
25.3 Genes Involved in Diverting Phagosome Maturation and in Compartment Maintenance......Page 487
25.4 Immunological Aspects of M. marinum Infection......Page 489
25.5 What.s Next? (Outlook and Summary)......Page 490
References......Page 491
26.1 Introduction to Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases......Page 495
26.2 Intracytoplasmic Behavior of Rickettsiae......Page 498
26.3 Host Cell Interactions with Pathogenic Rickettsia Species......Page 503
26.4 Animal Models and Immunology of Rickettsioses......Page 505
26.5 Genomics and Proteomics of Rickettsia Species......Page 506
26.6 Summary and Outlook......Page 508
References......Page 509
27.1 Introduction......Page 511
27.2 Escape into the Cytoplasm and Intracytoplasmic Replication......Page 514
27.3 Genes Involved in Phagosome Escape and Intracytoplasmic Life......Page 519
27.4 Host Defense Against Cytoplasmic Shigella......Page 522
References......Page 525
IIC Intracellular Symbionts......Page 531
28.1 Introduction to Rhizobia and Symbioses......Page 533
28.2 Invasion of Plant Cells by Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae......Page 534
28.3 Plant Genes Involved in Symbiosis Initiation......Page 536
28.4 Symbiotic Signals Produced by Rhizobia......Page 540
References......Page 547
29.2 Intracellular Cyanobacteria......Page 553
29.3 Intracellular Algae......Page 562
References......Page 569
30.1 Introduction......Page 573
30.2 Mutualistic Primary Endosymbionts with a Function in Nutritional Upgrading......Page 576
30.3 Endosymbionts that Interfere with Reproduction......Page 580
30.4 Endosymbiont Communities......Page 584
30.5 Conclusion and Future Directions......Page 585
References......Page 586
IID Parasites and Fungi......Page 591
31.1 Histoplasma capsulatum and Histoplasmosis......Page 593
31.2 Characterization of the Macrophage Phagosomes Containing H. capsulatum Yeasts......Page 595
31.3 Genes Involved in the Intracellular Survival of H. capsulatum Yeasts......Page 599
31.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 605
References......Page 606
32.1 Leishmania and Leishmaniases......Page 609
32.2 Characterization of Intra-Host Cell Compartmentation of Leishmania and its Relationships to Virulence......Page 610
32.3 Leishmania Molecules Involved in Diverted Phagosome Maturation/Compartment Maintenance......Page 612
32.4 Immunology of Phagosomes Containing Leishmania......Page 618
References......Page 619
33.1 Introduction......Page 623
33.2 Illness......Page 625
33.3 Characterization of Intra-Host Compartmentation and its Relationship to Virulence......Page 626
33.4 From Parasite Cell Biology and Genomics to Drug Targets......Page 633
References......Page 635
34.1 Introduction to Theileria and the Disease......Page 639
34.2 Characterization of the Intra-Host Cell Compartment … Which Compartment?......Page 641
34.3 Genes Involved in Host–Parasite Interaction......Page 649
34.4 Immune Responses Directed Against the Schizont......Page 651
34.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 652
References......Page 654
35.1 Introduction of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxoplasmosis......Page 659
35.2 Characterization of the Intracellular Compartment Occupied by T. gondii......Page 661
35.3 Parasite Factors Involved in Maturation and Maintenance of the Parasite-Containing Vacuole......Page 664
35.4 Immunology of the Intracellular Compartment Occupied by T. gondii......Page 667
35.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 672
References......Page 673
36.1 Introduction: The Parasite and its Disease......Page 681
36.2 Intracellular Compartmentation of T. cruzi......Page 683
36.3 Maintenance of the Infected Cell......Page 689
36.4 Immunology of T. cruzi Infection......Page 690
36.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 692
References......Page 693
37.1 Introduction to Trichinella and Trichinellosis......Page 695
37.2 Remodeling of the Host Cell Compartment by Trichinella......Page 697
37.3 Parasite Molecules Involved in the Remodeling and Maintenance of the Nurse Cell Complex......Page 705
37.4 The Immunology of the Nurse Cell......Page 710
References......Page 712
Index......Page 715