Interventional Spine: An Algorithmic Approach

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
List of Contributors......Page 3
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Dedication......Page 12
1 - Past, Present, and Future of Interventional Physiatry......Page 13
2 - Epidemiology......Page 21
3 - Inflammatory Basis of Spinal Pain......Page 28
4 - Transduction, Transmission and Perception of Pain......Page 39
5 - Central Influences on Pain......Page 48
6 - Radiology......Page 62
7 - Nuclear Medicine Imaging With an Emphasis on Spinal Infections......Page 98
8 - Electrodiagnostic Approach to Patients with Suspected Radiculopathy......Page 103
9 - The Psychiatric and Psychological Evaluation of the Chronic Pain Patient: An Algorithmic Approach......Page 113
10 - Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs......Page 121
11 - Adjuvant Analgesics for Radicular Pain......Page 137
12 - Pharmacology of Local Anesthetic Agents......Page 145
13 - Steroids in Spine Interventions......Page 161
14 - Opioid Analgesics......Page 169
15 - The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Chronic Spinal Pain......Page 180
16 - Principles of Diagnostic Blocks......Page 193
17 - Neurophysiology of Diagnostic Injections......Page 198
18 - Placebo......Page 208
19 - Patient Education and Support......Page 211
20 - Side Effects and Complications of Injection Procedures: Anticipation and Management......Page 216
21 - Radiation Safety – Theory and Practical Concerns......Page 231
22 - Sedation for Percutaneous Procedures......Page 241
23 - Spinal Injections......Page 247
24 - Technique of Radiofrequency Denervation......Page 276
25 - Discography......Page 291
26 - IDET Technique......Page 303
27 - Technique for Chemonucleolysis of Lumbar Disc Herniation......Page 315
28 - Automated Percutaneous Lumbar Discectomy: Technique......Page 320
29 - Laser......Page 330
30 - Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain Management Implantation Techniques......Page 339
31 - Intrathecal Therapies and Totally Implantable Drug Delivery Systems......Page 349
32 - Vertebroplasty......Page 365
33 - Kyphoplasty Technique......Page 374
34 - Medical Radiculopathies......Page 382
35 - Spondyloarthropathies......Page 387
36 - Spine Infections: An Algorithmic Approach......Page 396
37 - Nonosseous Spinal Tumors......Page 411
38 - Bone Biology......Page 417
39 - Osteoporosis......Page 428
40 - Paget's Disease......Page 438
41 - Primary Tumors......Page 445
42 - Secondary Bone Tumors......Page 460
43 - Spinal Orthoses......Page 475
44 - Vertebroplasty......Page 484
45 - Kyphoplasty......Page 495
46 - Developmental and Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine......Page 502
47 - Medical Causes of Neck Pain......Page 518
48 - Examination of the Cervical Spine......Page 525
49 - Biomechanics and Assessment of the Painful Shoulder......Page 533
50 - Cervical Myelopathy......Page 543
51 - Cervical Instability......Page 559
52 - The Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine during Whiplash Injury......Page 569
53 - Pathophysiologic Evidence of Injury......Page 574
54 - Sociocultural Evidence and Whiplash......Page 578
55 - Soft Tissue Injuries Following Whiplash......Page 586
56 - Epidemiology of Disc, Joint, and Root Pain in Whiplash......Page 591
57 - Cervical Radicular Pain: An Algorithmic Methodology......Page 596
58 - Rehabilitation Methods in Cervical Radicular Pain......Page 618
59 - Cervical Radicular Pain: Injection Procedures......Page 628
60 - Surgery for Cervical Radicular Pain......Page 640
61 - Surgical Decompression for Foraminal Stenosis......Page 649
62 - An Algorithmic Methodology for Cervical Axial Neck Pain......Page 661
63 - Rehabilitation Methods......Page 667
64 - Therapeutic Injections for the Treatment of Axial Neck Pain and Cervicogenic Headaches......Page 688
65 - Sympathetic System......Page 694
66 - Cervical Spine......Page 698
67 - Cervical Discography: Diagnostic Value and Complications......Page 702
68 - Fusion Surgery for Axial Neck Pain......Page 710
69 - Cervicogenic Headache......Page 717
70 - Surgical Treatment of Cervical Myelopathy......Page 732
71 - Developmental and Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Spine......Page 746
72 - Thoracic Spinal Pain......Page 756
73 - Injection Procedures......Page 766
74 - Thoracic Pain Syndromes......Page 772
75 - Surgery: Thoracic Disc Disease......Page 777
76 - Medical Causes of Low Back Pain......Page 781
77 - The Lumbar Degenerative Disc......Page 790
78 - Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc......Page 804
79 - Physical Examination of the Lumbar Spine......Page 816
80 - Developmental and Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine......Page 831
81 - Medical Rehabilitation......Page 847
82 - An Algorithmic Methodology......Page 869
83 - Injection Procedures......Page 886
84 - Percutaneous Discectomy......Page 897
85 - Percutaneous Disc Decompression......Page 901
86 - Surgical Decompression for Herniated Nucleus Pulposus......Page 912
87 - Surgical Decompression for Spinal Stenosis......Page 924
88 - Postoperative Rehabilitation......Page 940
89 - Lumbar Axial Pain – An Algorithmic Methodology......Page 948
90 - Medical Rehabilitation – Lumbar Axial Pain......Page 963
91 - Manipulation and Manual Methods......Page 972
92 - Injection Procedures......Page 984
93 - Radiofrequency Denervation......Page 997
94 - Lumbar Provocation Discography: Clinical Relevance, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Controversies......Page 1003
95 - Intradiscal Steroids and Prolotherapy: Clinical Relevance, Outcomes and Efficacy......Page 1018
96 - Intradiscal Electrothermal Annuloplasty......Page 1025
97 - Surgical Treatment of Axial Back Pain......Page 1032
98 - Spondylolisthesis: Epidemiology and Assessment......Page 1043
99 - Spondylolisthesis: Medical Rehabilitation and Interventional Spine Techniques......Page 1051
100 - Surgical Management of Isthmic, Dysplastic and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis......Page 1064
101 - Instability: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment......Page 1074
102 - Fusion Surgery......Page 1085
103 - Failed Back Surgery......Page 1093
104 - Neural Scarring......Page 1100
105 - Postoperative Pseudomeningocele, Hematoma, and Seroma......Page 1110
106 - Epidural Adhesiolysis......Page 1117
107 - Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Pain......Page 1126
108 - Neuraxial Drug Administration to Treat Pain of Spinal Origin......Page 1138
109 - Spinal Ablative Techniques for the Treatment of Chronic Pain Conditions......Page 1152
110 - History and Principles of Pain Rehabilitation......Page 1161
111 - Deconditioning......Page 1172
112 - Functional Restoration Program Characteristics in Chronic Pain Tertiary Rehabilitation......Page 1181
113 - Tertiary Rehabilitation Program Outcomes......Page 1189
114 - Epidemiology and Examination......Page 1197
115 - Sacroiliac Joint Rehabilitation and Manipulation......Page 1207
116 - Therapeutic Injections and Radiofrequency Denervation......Page 1216
117 - Surgery for Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome......Page 1225
118 - Hip Spine Syndrome......Page 1232
119 - Sacral Insufficiency Fractures......Page 1235
120 - Coccydynia......Page 1243
121 - Piriformis Syndrome......Page 1252
122 - Epidemiology of Back Pain in Pregnancy......Page 1260
123 - Low Back Pain and Pregnancy – Examination and Diagnostic Work-up in the Pregnant Patient......Page 1264
124 - Treatment of Low Back Pain in Pregnancy – Special Considerations......Page 1273
125 - Biomechanics of the Spine in Sport......Page 1283
126 - On-the-field Assessment of the Cervical Spine-Injured Athlete......Page 1291
127 - Epidemiology of Injuries......Page 1301
128 - Acute Intervention and Return to Play......Page 1311
129 - Spondylolysis......Page 1324
130 - Return to Competition Following Prolonged Injury......Page 1330
131 - Disc Replacement......Page 1339
132 - Fusion – Minimally Invasive Techniques......Page 1347
133 - Endoscopic Discectomy and Foraminal Decompression......Page 1357
Index......Page 1364