Interpretation of Schizophrenia

Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Basic Questions
2 Historical Review of the Concept of Schizophrenia
3The Manifest Symptomatology
	I General Remarks
	II General Description of the Disorder
	III Taxonomy of Schizophrenia
	IV The Paranoid Type
	V The Hebephrenic Type
	VI The Catatonic Type
	VII The Simple Type
	VIII Ill-Defined or Controversial Types
	IX Atypical Forms of Schizophrenia
	X Changing Aspects of Schizophrenia
	XI The Course of Schizophrenia
4The Diagnosis and Prognosis of Schizophrenia
	I Diagnosis
	II Prognosis
5 First Period: Early Childhood and Family Environment
	I Introductory Remarks
	II The First Few Months of Life
	III The Family Environment
	IV Conclusions about the Family of the Schizophrenic
	V Early Development
	VI Psychodynamic Development in the Early Childhood of Schizophrenics
	VII The Building of Early Defenses
6Second Period: Late Childhood
	I The Abnormal Dialogue
	II The Emerging Personality
	III The Schizoid Personality
	IV The Stormy Personality
	V Later Developments
7Third Period: Adolescence and Early Adulthood
	I Further Aspects of the Prepsychotic Personality
	II The Injury to the Self
	III PSYCHOSEXUAL CONFLICTS
	IV The Prepsychotic Panic
8Fourth Period: The Psychosis
	I The Onset
	II Different Views of the Psychodynamic Meaning of the Psychosis
	III Relevance of Late Precipitating Events
9Patients Studied through Family Members
10Study of Catatonic Patients
11Study of Paranoid Patients
12Study of Hebephrenic Patients
13Postpartum Schizophrenic Psychoses
	I General Remarks
	II Symptomatology and Psychodynamics
14Averted Schizophrenia: Relation between Psychosis and Psychoneurosis
15The Break with Reality
	I General Views of Schizophrenic Cognition
	II The Principle of Progressive Teleologic Regression
16The Cognitive Transformation
	I Minor and Not Necessarily Psychotic Alterations
	II Paleologic Thought
	III Further Discussion of the Structure of Paleologic Thought
	IV Teleologic Causality
	V Reverse Inference and Pseudoabstraction
	VI Time and Space
	VII Language in Schizophrenia
	VIII Very Severe Thought and Language Disorders
	IX Hallucinations and Related Phenomena
	X Adualism
	XI Perceptual Alterations
	XII The Biological Basis of Schizophrenic Cognition
	XIII Schizophrenic Thinking in Everyday Life and Everyday Thinking in Schizophrenia
	XIV Relation of Schizophrenic Thinking to Autism and to Mythical Thinking of Cultural Origin
	XV Critical Review of Various Theories of Schizophrenic Cognition
17Disorders of Gesture, Action, and Volition
	I Introductory Remarks
	II Gesture
	III Action
	IV Volition
	V Volition in Catatonics
18Changes of the Body Image
	I The Body Image
	II Patients’ Experiences of Their Own Body
	III Interpretation
19The Retreat from Society
	I General Remarks
	II Reviews of Theories on Desocialization
	III Symbolization and Socialization in a Developmental Frame of Reference
	IV Desocialization and Inner Reality in Schizophrenia
20Creative Activities of Schizophrenic Patients: Visual Art, Poetry, Wit
	I Introduction and Historical Review
	II General Remarks about Schizophrenic Art
	III Content and Conflict
	IV Progression of Illness as Revealed by the Artwork
	V Crystallization of Primary Process Mechanisms
	VI Artwork of Patients Suffering from Schizophrenic-Like Toxic Psychoses
	VII Relation of Schizophrenic Artwork to Primitive, Ancient, and Modern Art
	VIII Poetry
	IX Comedy and Wit
21Emotional Change and Expansion of Human Experience
	I Emotional Impairment and Desymbolization
	II Enlargement of Human Experience
22The First, or Initial, Stage
	I Introductory Remarks
	II The Onset of the Psychosis: Sequence of Early Substages
23The Second, or Advanced, Stage
	I Crystallization versus Disintegration
	II The Advanced Period of Schizophrenia and Institutional Life
24The Third, or Preterminal, Stage
	I Introductory Remarks
	II The Hoarding Habit
	III The Self-Decorating Habit
25The Fourth, or Terminal, Stage
	I Primitive Oral Habits
	II Perceptual Alterations
26Recapitulation and Interpretation of Schizophrenic Regression
27Heredity and Constitution in Schizophrenia
	I Introductory Remarks
	II Statistical Studies
	III Studies of Specific Families
	IV Chromosomal and Other Physical Data
	V Review of Additional Studies and Interpretations
	VI Conclusions
	VII Constitutional Factors in Schizophrenia
28The Biochemistry of Schizophrenia
	I Introductory Remarks
	II The Transmethylation Hypothesis
	III The Ceruloplasmin, Taraxein, and Related Hypotheses
	IV The Serotonin Hypothesis
	V The DMPEA Hypothesis and Serum Proteins
	VI Other Metabolic Changes
29Endocrine and Cardiovascular Changes in Schizophrenia
	I The Endocrine Glands
	II The Cardiovascular Apparatus
30The Central Nervous System in Schizophrenia
	I Neuropathology
	II Electroencephalographic Findings
	III Schizophrenia and Epilepsy
	IV The Possibility of Psychosomatic Involvement of the Central Nervous System in Schizophrenia
31Epidemiology of Schizophrenia
	I Introductory Remarks
	II Some Vital Statistics
	III Schizophrenia Among Immigrants and Minority Groups
	IV Ecology and Social Class
	V Urbanism and Industrial Society
	VI Concluding Remarks
32Transcultural Studies of Schizophrenia
	I Introductory Remarks
	II Differences in Symptomatology
	III Syndromes Related to Schizophrenia occurring More Frequently in Foreign Countries than in the United States
33The Prevention of Schizophrenia
	I Introduction
	II Basic Prevention
	III Longitudinal Prevention
	IV Critical Prevention
34The Choice of Treatment
	I Hospitalization versus Ambulatory Treatment
	II Physical Therapies versus Psychotherapy
	III Comparison of Different Results
	IV Therapies Not Described in This Book
35The Psychotherapeutic Approach to Schizophrenia: A Historical Survey
	I Freud and the Freudian School
	II The Kleinian School
	III Sharing the Patient’s Vision of Reality
	IV Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and Her School
	V Miscellaneous Contributions
36Establishment of Relatedness
	I Introduction
	II The Therapeutic Encounter
	III Transference
	IV Countertransference
	V Relatedness
37Specific Solutions of Psychotic Mechanisms
	I Introductory Remarks
	II Hallucinations
	III Ideas of Reference, Delusions, and Projective Mechanisms
	IV Awareness of the Punctiform Insight
	V Awareness of Abnormal Cognition
38Psychodynamic Analysis
	I Introduction
	II Analysis of Relations with Members of the Family
	III Special Delusional Mechanisms
	IV Psychodynamic Analysis of Relatedness, Transference, and Countertransference
	V Interpretations Related to the Self-Image
	VI Dreams
39Other Aspects of Psychotherapy
	I Participation in Patient’s Life: The Therapeutic Assistant
	II Advanced Stage of Treatment
	III Complications
	IV Precautionary Measures: Legal Responsibility
	V Further Growth of the Patient and Termination of Treatment
	VI Cure and Outcome
	VII Relations with the Family and Family Therapy
	VIII Rehabilitation
40Two Cases Treated with Intensive Psychotherapy
41Psychotherapy of Chronic Schizophrenia
	I Definitions: Scope of the Problem
	II Methods of Social Interaction
42Drug Therapy
	I Introduction and Historical Notes
	II Chemical Structures of the Phenothiazines
	III Chlorpromazine
	IV Side Effects and Complications of Chlorpromazine Therapy
	V Other Phenothiazines
	VI Other Neuroleptics
	VII Other Types of Drug Therapy
43Other Physical Therapies
	I Convulsive Shock Treatment
	II Insulin Treatment
	III Some Notes on Psychosurgery
44 Syndromes Related to Schizophrenia
	I Paranoia
	II Anorexia Nervosa
	III Childhood Schizophrenia
45The Concept of Schizophrenia
	I Attacks on the Concept of Schizophrenia
	II Three Additional Theoretical Frameworks
	III Concluding Remarks
Bibliography