Interplay: the process of interpersonal communication

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Preface
About the Authors
CONTENTS (with direct page links)
PART 1 - Foundations of Interpersonal Communication
	1. Interpersonal Process
		Objectives & Outline
		WHY WE COMMUNICATE
			PHYSICAL NEEDS
			IDENTITY NEEDS
			SOCIAL NEEDS
			PRACTICAL NEEDS
		THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
			EARLY MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
			INSIGHTS FROM THE TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
			COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
			THE NATURE OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
			COMMUNICATION MISCONCEPTIONS
		COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
			PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
			CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT COMMUNICATION
		SOCIAL MEDIA AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
			CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
			SOCIAL MEDIA AND RELATIONAL QUALITY
			COMMUNICATING COMPETENTLY WITH SOCIAL MEDIA
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Media Clip: Solitude and Connection: Wild
			Dark Side of Communication: Loneliness and the Internet: A Delicate Balance
			At Work: Communication and Career Advancement
			Focus on Research: Tweeting: The Channel Affects the Message
			Media Clip: Pathologically Competent: House of Cards
			Assessing Your Communication: Your Use of Social Media
			Focus on Research: Sidestepping Permanence: The Attraction of Snapchat
			Watch and Discuss: “Men Read Mean Tweets to Female Sports Reporters”
	2. Culture and Interpersonal Communication
		Objectives & Outline
		CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
			CULTURE AND CO-CULTURE
			INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
			INTERPERSONAL AND INTERCULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
			INTERCULTURAL DIFFERENCES AS GENERALIZATIONS
		CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS
			HIGH VERSUS LOW CONTEXT
			INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM
			POWER DISTANCE
			UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
			ACHIEVEMENT VERSUS NURTURING
		CO-CULTURES AND COMMUNICATION
			RACE AND ETHNICITY
			GENDER IDENTITY/SEXUAL ORIENTATION
			AGE/GENERATION
			(DIS)ABILITIES
			SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
		CODES AND CULTURE
			VERBAL CODES
			NONVERBAL CODES
		DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
			MOTIVATION AND ATTITUDE
			TOLERANCE FOR AMBIGUITY
			OPEN-MINDEDNESS
			KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL
			PATIENCE AND PERSEVERANCE
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Media Clip: Embracing Tradition and Change: Meet the Patels
			Media Clip: Straddling Cultures: black-ish
			Dark Side of Communication: When “Harmless” Labels Do Harm
			At Work: Organizations Are Cultures
			Focus on Research: Saying “I’m Sorry” in Japanese and English: Different Codes
			Assessing Your Communication:  What Is Your Intercultural Communication Competence?
			Watch and Discuss: “Momondo: The DNA Journey”
			Focus on Research: Living in Another Culture: Adapting and Adopting
	3. Interpersonal Communication and the Self
		Objectives & Outline
		COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF-CONCEPT
			HOW THE SELF-CONCEPT DEVELOPS
			CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF-CONCEPT
			THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY AND COMMUNICATION
		PRESENTING THE SELF
			PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SELVES
			CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
			FACE-TO-FACE IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
			IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT IN SOCIAL MEDIA
			IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT AND HONESTY
		DISCLOSING THE SELF
			SELF-DISCLOSURE FACTORS
			MODELS OF SELF-DISCLOSURE
			BENEFITS AND RISKS OF SELF-DISCLOSURE
			GUIDELINES FOR SELF-DISCLOSURE
			ALTERNATIVES TO SELF-DISCLOSURE
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Focus on Research: Does Instagram = #Instasad?
			Watch and Discuss: “Dove Evolution Commercial”
			Media Clip: Reflecting Years of Appraisal: This Is Us
			At Work: Impression Management in the Workplace
			Media Clip: The Promise and Perils of Online Relationships: Catfish: The TV Show
			Dark Side of Communication: Talking Frankly About STDs
			Assessing Your Communication: Online and Offline Self-Disclosure
	4. Perceiving Others
		Objectives & Outline
		THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
			REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED
			STEPS IN THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
		INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION
			ACCESS TO INFORMATION
			PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
			PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
			SOCIAL INFLUENCES
			CULTURAL INFLUENCES
		COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION
			WE MAKE SNAP JUDGMENTS
			WE CLING TO FIRST IMPRESSIONS
			WE JUDGE OURSELVES MORE CHARITABLY THAN WE DO OTHERS
			WE ARE INFLUENCED BY OUR EXPECTATIONS
			WE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE OBVIOUS
			WE ASSUME OTHERS ARE LIKE US
		SYNCHRONIZING OUR PERCEPTIONS
			PERCEPTION CHECKING
			BUILDING EMPATHY
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Media Clip: Invented Languages: Game of Thrones
			Focus on Research: The Negative Consequences of Fat Talk
			At Work: Swearing on the Job
			Dark Side of Communication: Sorry, Not Sorry
			Assessing Your Communication: Sexist Language
			Watch and Discuss: “Vague Facebook Posts—Congressional Hearings”
			Media Clip: Damning with Faint Praise: Florence Foster Jenkins
			Focus on Research: The Language of Online Community
PART 2 - Creating and Responding to Messages
	5. Language
		Objectives & Outline
		THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE
			LANGUAGE IS SYMBOLIC
			LANGUAGE IS RULE-GOVERNED
			LANGUAGE IS SUBJECTIVE
			LANGUAGE AND WORLDVIEW
		THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE
			NAMING AND IDENTITY
			AFFILIATION
			POWER AND POLITENESS
			SEXISM AND RACISM
			PRECISION AND VAGUENESS
			THE LANGUAGE OF RESPONSIBILITY
		GENDER AND LANGUAGE
			EXTENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
			NON-GENDER INFLUENCES ON LANGUAGE USE
		SOCIAL MEDIA AND LANGUAGE
			ONLINE LANGUAGE AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
			ONLINE LANGUAGE AND GENDER
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Media Clip: Invented Languages: Game of Thrones
			Focus on Research: The Negative Consequences of Fat Talk
			At Work: Swearing on the Job
			Dark Side of Communication: Sorry, Not Sorry
			Assessing Your Communication: Sexist Language
			Watch and Discuss: “Vague Facebook Posts—Congressional Hearings”
			Media Clip: Damning with Faint Praise: Florence Foster Jenkins
			Focus on Research: The Language of Online Community
	6. Nonverbal Communication
		Objectives & Outline
		NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION DEFINED
		CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
			NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS ALWAYS OCCURRING
			NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS PRIMARILY RELATIONAL
			NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS AMBIGUOUS
			NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OCCURS IN MEDIATED MESSAGES
			NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS INFLUENCED BY CULTURE AND GENDER
		FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
			CREATING AND MAINTAINING RELATIONSHIPS
			REGULATING INTERACTION
			INFLUENCING OTHERS
			INFLUENCING OURSELVES
			CONCEALING/DECEIVING
			MANAGING IMPRESSIONS
		TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
			BODY MOVEMENT
			TOUCH
			VOICE
			DISTANCE
			TERRITORIALITY
			TIME
			PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
			CLOTHING
			PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Focus on Research: The Power of Periods. In Texting.
			Assessing Your Communication: Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors
			Watch and Discuss: “Body Language”
			Media Clip: A Life of Deception: The Americans
			Media Clip: In a Different Voice: Speechless
			Focus on Research: Nonverbal Imitation: The Sincerest Form of Flattery
			At Work: Let Your Voice Be Heard
			Dark Side of Communication: The Inequality of “Lookism”
	7. Listening: Receiving and Responding
		Objectives & Outline
		THE NATURE OF LISTENING
			THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING
			LISTENING DEFINED
			LISTENING STYLES
		THE CHALLENGE OF LISTENING
			RECOGNIZING BARRIERS TO LISTENING
			AVOIDING POOR LISTENING HABITS
		COMPONENTS OF LISTENING
			HEARING
			ATTENDING
			UNDERSTANDING
			REMEMBERING
			RESPONDING
		TYPES OF LISTENING RESPONSES
			SILENT LISTENING
			QUESTIONING
			PARAPHRASING
			EMPATHIZING
			SUPPORTING
			ANALYZING
			EVALUATING
			ADVISING
			WHICH RESPONSE TYPE TO USE?
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			At Work: Listening on the Job
			Assessing Your Communication: Your Listening Styles
			Media Clip: Multifaceted Listening: The Profit
			Dark Side of Communication: The Myth of Multitasking
			Focus on Research: Responding Helps Speakers Tell Their Stories
			Watch and Discuss: “Brené Brown on Empathy”
			Media Clip: Responding Directively: Scandal
			Focus on Research: Exchanging Advice Online
	8. Emotions
		Objectives & Outline
		WHAT ARE EMOTIONS?
			PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
			NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR
			COGNITIVE INTERPRETATIONS
			VERBAL EXPRESSION
		INFLUENCES ON EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
			PERSONALITY
			CULTURE
			GENDER
			SOCIAL CONVENTIONS AND ROLES
			SOCIAL MEDIA
			EMOTIONAL CONTAGION
		EXPRESSING EMOTIONS EFFECTIVELY
			RECOGNIZE YOUR FEELINGS
			CHOOSE THE BEST LANGUAGE
			SHARE MULTIPLE FEELINGS
			RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEELING AND ACTING
			ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY FOR YOUR FEELINGS
			CHOOSE THE BEST TIME AND PLACE TO EXPRESS YOUR FEELINGS
		MANAGING EMOTIONS
			FACILITATIVE AND DEBILITATIVE EMOTIONS
			THOUGHTS CAUSE FEELINGS
			IRRATIONAL THINKING AND DEBILITATIVE EMOTIONS
			MINIMIZING DEBILITATIVE EMOTIONS
			MAXIMIZING FACILITATIVE EMOTIONS
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Media Clip: Intelligence of Another Variety: The Big Bang Theory
			Watch and Discuss: “The Marriage Hack”
			Focus on Research: Managing Grief with Humor
			At Work: Emotional Labor on the Job
			Dark Side of Communication: Fictional Characters, Real Feelings: Parasocial Relationships
			Assessing Your Communication: Your Emotional Intelligence
			Focus on Research: When Talking About Feelings Makes Things Worse
			Media Clip: Self-Talk and Resilience: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
PART 3 - DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
	9. Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships
		Objectives & Outline
		WHY WE FORM RELATIONSHIPS
			APPEARANCE
			SIMILARITY
			COMPLEMENTARITY
			REWARDS
			COMPETENCY
			PROXIMITY
			DISCLOSURE
		MODELS OF RELATIONAL DYNAMICS
			STAGES OF RELATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
			DIALECTICAL TENSIONS
		COMMUNICATING ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS
			CONTENT AND RELATIONAL MESSAGES
			MAINTAINING AND SUPPORTING RELATIONSHIPS
			REPAIRING DAMAGED RELATIONSHIPS
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Dark Side of Communication: The Anguish of Abusive Relationships
			Media Clip: The Power and Peril of Disclosure: Homeland
			Focus on Research: Communicating About Relational Baggage
			Focus on Research: The Dialectical Tensions of Cell Phone Use
			Media Clip: Finding Connection: Trainwreck
			Watch and Discuss: “Couples Swap Phones and Go Through Each Other’s History”
			Assessing Your Communication: Relational Maintenance
			At Work: Relational Repair on the Job
	10. Communication in Close Relationships: Friends, Family, and Romantic Partners
		Objectives & Outline
		COMMUNICATION IN FRIENDSHIPS
			TYPES OF FRIENDSHIPS
			FRIENDSHIPS, GENDER, AND COMMUNICATION
			FRIENDSHIP AND SOCIAL MEDIA
			COMMUNICATION IN SUCCESSFUL FRIENDSHIPS
		COMMUNICATION IN THE FAMILY
			CREATING THE FAMILY THROUGH COMMUNICATION
			PATTERNS OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION
			EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN FAMILIES
		COMMUNICATION IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
			CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
			EFFECTIVE COMMU NICATION IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
		Features
			Focus on Research: Close Friendships: State of the Union
			Watch and Discuss: “Can Men and Women Be Just Friends?”
			At Work: Social Media Relationships with Coworkers
			Media Clip: Voluntary Families: Finding Dory
			Assessing Your Communication: Your Family’s Communication Pattern
			Focus on Research: Parental Disclosures with Adult Children
			Media Clip: Maybe “I Do,” Maybe I Don’t: Married at First Sight
			Dark Side of Communication: Virtually Unfaithful: Emotional Infidelity Online
	11. Managing Conflict
		Objectives & Outline
		WHAT IS CONFLICT?
			EXPRESSED STRUGGLE
			INTERDEPENDENCE
			PERCEIVED INCOMPATIBLE GOALS
			PERCEIVED SCARCE RESOURCES
			INEVITABILITY
		CONFLICT STYLES
			AVOIDANCE (LOSE-LOSE)
			ACCOMMODATION (LOSE-WIN)
			COMPETITION (WIN-LOSE)
			COMPROMISE
			COLLABORATION (WIN-WIN)
			WHICH STYLE TO USE?
		CONFLICT IN RELATIONAL SYSTEMS
			COMPLEMENTARY AND SYMMETRICAL CONFLICT
			SERIAL ARGUMENTS
			TOXIC CONFLICT: THE “FOUR HORSEMEN”
			CONFLICT RITUALS
		VARIABLES IN CONFLICT STYLES
			GENDER
			CULTURE
		CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
			Features
			Focus on Research: The Dangers of Mind-Reading Expectations
			Media Clip: Fighting over Scarce Resources: Empire
			Dark Side of Communication: Ghosting: The Ultimate Silent Treatment
			Watch and Discuss: “Signs You’re the Passive Aggressive Friend”
			Assessing Your Communication: Your Method of Conflict Resolution
			Focus on Research: “We Have to Talk”: Men and Women in Conflict
			Media Clip: Hostile Takeover: The Founder
			At Work: Third-Party Dispute Resolution
	12. Communication Climate
		Objectives & Outline
		WHAT IS A COMMUNICATION CLIMATE?
		HOW COMMUNICATION CLIMATES DEVELOP
			LEVELS OF MESSAGE CONFIRMATION
			CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DEFENSIVENESS
		CREATING SUPPORTIVE CLIMATES
			EVALUATION VERSUS DESCRIPTION
			CONTROL VERSUS PROBLEM ORIENTATION
			STRATEGY VERSUS SPONTANEITY
			NEUTRALITY VERSUS EMPATHY
			SUPERIORITY VERSUS EQUALITY
			CERTAINTY VERSUS PROVISIONALISM
		INVITATIONAL COMMUNICATION
			THE LANGUAGE OF CHOICE
			RESPONDING NONDEFENSIVELY TO CRITICISM
		CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
		KEY TERMS
		ACTIVITIES
			Features
			Dark Side of Communication: Cyberbullying: Inflicting Pain Online
			Assessing Your Communication: Confirming and Disconfirming Communication
			Focus on Research: Phubbing: Losing Out to Your Partner’s Phone
			Media Clip: Victimized by Aggressiveness: Moonlight
			Focus on Research: A Blurt Can Hurt
			Media Clip: Changing the Climate, Ever So Slowly: Doc Martin
			Watch and Discuss: “Emotional Correctness”
			At Work: Taking the High Road: Keeping Cool Under Fire
Glossary
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References
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Credits
Author Index
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Subject Index
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