Interpersonal Sensitivity: Theory and Measurement

Cover......Page 1
Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 2
The LEA Series in Personality and Clinical Psychology......Page 3
Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 8
Series Editor\'s Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
I  Theoretical Issues......Page 16
FROM SENSATION TO BEHAVIOR......Page 18
PROBLEMS WITH INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY  AND ACCURACY RESEARCH......Page 20
Breadth of the Construct......Page 21
Content or Thing Perceived......Page 23
Criterion Problem......Page 25
Variance Components......Page 27
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 28
Information Source......Page 29
Spontaneous Versus Posed Behavior......Page 30
Online (Interactive) Versus  Stimulus-Based (Passive) Judgments......Page 31
PURPOSE, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
 2   Affective Empathy......Page 36
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES......Page 37
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 41
Self-Reports of Situational  Empathy-Related Responding......Page 42
Questionnaire Measures of  Dispositional Empathy-Related Responding......Page 43
Other-Reports of  Empathy-Related Responding......Page 45
Facial and Gestural Measures  of Empathy-related Responses......Page 46
Physiological Measures  of Empathy-Related Responses......Page 48
Experimental Manipulations......Page 50
CONCLUSION......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
II  Assessing the Performance of a Perceiver......Page 60
  3    In Search of the Good Judge of Personality: Some Methodological and Theoretical Concerns......Page 62
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 65
Selection of Targets......Page 68
Cronbach\'s Components of Accuracy......Page 70
Types of Judgmental Accuracy......Page 72
THEORY......Page 73
Construction of Judgmental Accuracy Score......Page 76
Personality Correlates of Judgmental Accuracy......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
 4   Judging Rapport: Employing Brunswik\'s Lens Model to Study Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 82
THE CONSTRUCT OF RAPPORT......Page 83
BRUNSWIK\'S LENS MODEL......Page 84
Criterion......Page 86
The Encoding and Potential  Mediation of Rapport......Page 88
The Perception of Rapport......Page 89
Rapport Judgment Consensus......Page 91
Rapport Judgment Accuracy  and Criterion Reliability......Page 93
Analyzing the Consensus Judgment  Versus Individual Judgments......Page 94
Exposure Length......Page 95
Training......Page 96
CONCLUSION......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 99
Descriptions of the Perceptual Cues Coded in Bernieri et al. (1996)......Page 102
  5    Thin-Slice Judgments as a Measure of Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 104
DEFINING A THIN SLICE......Page 105
Variables Judged......Page 106
ASSESSMENT OF INTERPERSONAL  SENSITIVITY FROM THIN SLICES: MODERATORS......Page 107
Personality and Individual Differences......Page 108
Affect......Page 109
Culture......Page 110
THIN-SLICE JUDGMENTS AND INTERPERSONAL  SENSITIVITY: SOME FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 111
LIMITATIONS......Page 112
CONCLUSION......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
 6   Measuring Sensitivity to Deception......Page 118
Standard Measures of Accuracy......Page 119
Standard Paradigms......Page 126
Where Do Perceptions of  Deceptiveness Come From?......Page 128
Nonverbal Sensitivity and  Skill at Detecting Deception......Page 130
Indirect Deception Detection......Page 132
Detection Over Time......Page 134
Noticing Deception in Everyday Interaction......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 137
III  Toward the Creation of an Interpersonal Sensitivy Test......Page 140
 7   Self-Report Measurement of Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 142
SELF-REPORT VERSUS  PERFORMANCE-BASED MEASUREMENT......Page 143
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF SELF-REPORT  MEASURES OF INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY......Page 145
SELF-REPORT MEASURES OF CONSTRUCTS  RELATED TO INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY......Page 151
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 155
  8    The PONS Test and the Psychometric Approach to Measuring Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 158
OTHER TESTS OF NONVERBAL  DECODING ACCURACY......Page 159
CARAT (Buck, 1976)......Page 160
Child and Adolescent Social  Perception Measure (CASP; Magill-Evans, Koning, Cameron-Sadava, & Manyk, 1995)......Page 161
THE PONS TEST: WHY IT CAME TO BE......Page 162
DESCRIPTION OF THE PONS TEST......Page 163
RELIABILITY AND INTERNAL ANALYSES  OF THE PONS TEST......Page 165
VALIDATIONAL FINDINGS  FOR THE PONS TEST......Page 166
Reliability and the Associated  Problem of Test Length......Page 167
What is Being Measured?......Page 169
THE BIGGER PICTURE:  RELATIONS AMONG TESTS......Page 170
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF  THE PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH?......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 173
Acquiring and Administering the PONS Test......Page 175
  9    The Interpersonal Perception Task (IPT): Alternative Approaches to Problems of Theory and Design......Page 176
RESEARCH DESIGN:  INFLUENCES, REFLECTIONS, AND FIRST EFFORTS......Page 183
Interpersonal Sensitivity:  Problems of Theory and Method......Page 184
Concrete Design Decisions  in Creating the IPT: Choices and Reasons......Page 188
Current Knowledge and Future Directions......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 196
 10   Nonverbal Receptivity: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA)......Page 198
THE DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS  OF NONVERBAL ACCURACY......Page 201
Construct Validity Support  for the DANVA2 Subtests......Page 204
Future Directions in Assessment......Page 206
Use of DANVA2 in Clinical  and Educational Settings......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 210
IV  Dyadic Interaction Approaches......Page 214
  11    Correlational Method for Assessing Interpersonal Sensitivity Within Dyadic Interaction......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 226
Creating Sensitivity Scores......Page 228
RATING SCALE 1-A......Page 229
RATING SCALE 1-B......Page 230
The Interview......Page 231
RATING SCALE J1-A......Page 232
RATING SCALE J1-B......Page 233
  12    Measuring Empathic Accuracy......Page 234
Assessment......Page 236
Reliability of the Empathic Accuracy Measure......Page 247
Validity of the Empathic Accuracy Measure......Page 249
POINTS OF DEPARTURE......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
  13    Using Standard Content Methodology to Assess Nonverbal Sensitivity in Dyads......Page 258
THEORETICAL ISSUES......Page 259
STANDARD CONTENT METHODOLOGY  WITH MARRIED COUPLES......Page 260
Separating the Contributions  of Encoders and Decoders......Page 262
Calculating Scores......Page 263
Gender Differences......Page 264
COMPARING DECODING  WITH SPOUSES AND STRANGERS......Page 265
AWARENESS OF ENCODING  AND CONFIDENCE IN DECODING......Page 266
MICROANALYSIS OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS  ON THE STANDARD CONTENT MESSAGES......Page 267
STRENGTHS OF STANDARD  CONTENT METHODOLOGY......Page 268
LIMITATIONS OF STANDARD  CONTENT METHODOLOGY......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 271
APPENDIX......Page 273
  14    The Measurement of Interpersonal Sensitivity: Consideration of Design, Components, and Unit of Analysis......Page 280
THE COMPONENTIAL APPROACH......Page 281
THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY RESEARCH:  IDIOGRAPHIC VERSUS NOMOTHETIC......Page 283
THE DESIGN OF ACCURACY RESEARCH......Page 285
THIS CHAPTER\'S FOCUS......Page 288
THE 1P1T DESIGN......Page 289
Idiographic Analysis......Page 290
Nomothetic Analysis......Page 292
THE MPMT DESIGN......Page 293
Nomothetic Analysis:  The Traditional Analysis......Page 294
Nomothetic Analysis:  A New Analysis......Page 296
Idiographic Analysis......Page 300
MP1T AND 1PMT DESIGNS......Page 303
CONCLUSION......Page 304
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 306
REFERENCES......Page 307
1P1T Design......Page 309
MPMT......Page 312
V  Where Can We Go From Here?......Page 318
  15    Interpersonal Sensitivity Research and Organizational Psychology: Theoretical and Methodological Applications......Page 320
INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY  AND LEADERSHIP......Page 322
INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY  AND PERSONNEL FUNCTIONS......Page 324
INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY AND THE  DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF WORK TEAMS......Page 326
INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY  AND CUSTOMER SERVICE......Page 327
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
POSITIVITY......Page 334
REALISM......Page 336
SOPHISTICATION......Page 337
New Methods for Accuracy Analysis......Page 338
The Perils of Analytic Sophistication......Page 339
THE REALISTIC ACCURACY MODEL......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 345
 17   Groping for the Elephant of Interpersonal Sensitivity......Page 348
WHAT IS INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY?......Page 350
WHAT TARGET STIMULUS INFORMATION  IS REQUIRED FOR INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY?......Page 352
WHAT CONTEXTUAL FACTORS INFLUENCE  INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY?......Page 353
WHAT BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS ARE REQUIRED  FOR INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY?......Page 354
WHAT COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE MECHANISMS  ARE REQUIRED FOR INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY?......Page 355
HOW DOES INTERPERSONAL  SENSITIVITY DEVELOP?......Page 356
WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES  OF INTERPERSONAL SENSITIVITY?......Page 357
Generating Predictions......Page 358
Creating an Assessment Tool......Page 360
Some Caveats......Page 361
CONCLUSIONS......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 363
18  Paradoxes of Nonverbal Detection, Expression, and Responding: Points to PONDER......Page 366
PERSONALITY AND CHARISMA......Page 367
HEALTH......Page 370
RELATIONSHIPS......Page 372
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 375
B......Page 378
C......Page 379
F......Page 380
G......Page 381
J......Page 382
L......Page 383
N......Page 384
R......Page 385
S......Page 386
V......Page 387
Z......Page 388
     D......Page 390
     I......Page 391
     P......Page 392
     W......Page 393