Internet of Things: Technology and Applications: 4th IFIP International Cross-Domain Conference, IFIPIoT 2021 Virtual Event, November 4–5, 2021 Revised Selected Papers

Preface
Organization
Contents
Summary of Challenges
Challenges in IoT Applications and Research
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges in IoT Applications
		2.1 Scope
		2.2 Main Engineering Challenges in IoT Development
		2.3 Critical Success Factors in Advanced IoT Applications
		2.4 Futuristic Application Scenarios for the Next 5–10 Years
		2.5 Concluding Remarks
	3 Challenges in IoT Research
		3.1 Scope
		3.2 Main Current IoT Research Challenges
		3.3 Promising Approaches to Face the Challenges
		3.4 Emerging Technologies that are Likely to Have an Impact in the Next 5–10 Years
		3.5 Concluding Remarks
	4 Conclusions
	References
Modernizing Agricultural Practice Using IoT
sFarm: A Distributed Ledger Based Remote Crop Monitoring System for Smart Farming
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Research Overview
	3 Novel Contributions
		3.1 Problems Addressed in the Current Paper
		3.2 Novel Solutions Proposed
	4 Is the Distributed Ledger a Feasible Solution?
	5 Architectural Overview of sFarm
		5.1 Sensing Nodes
		5.2 Edge Node
	6 Proposed Algorithm for sFarm
	7 Implementation and Validation
		7.1 Implementation
		7.2 Agriculture Datasets and Community Data Sharing Using the Proposed sFarm
		7.3 sFarm Validation
	8 Conclusions and Future Research
	References
Smart Agriculture Using Flapping-Wing Micro Aerial Vehicles (FWMAVs)
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Agriculture Using IoT-Related Work
	3 Smart Agriculture Using Beebots-Proposed Vision
	4 Proposed Beebot
		4.1 The Exoskeleton
		4.2 The Wings
		4.3 Actuation
		4.4 Transmission
		4.5 Weight Shifting Mechanism
	5 Proposed Design
		5.1 System Dynamics
		5.2 Actuator Command Generation
		5.3 Weight Shifting Mechanism
		5.4 Attitude Controller
		5.5 Position Controller
		5.6 ROS and Simulation
	6 Experimental Results
		6.1 Flight
		6.2 Hover
		6.3 Tilt
	7 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Smart Lysimeter with Crop and Environment Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart Lysimeter Architecture
	3 Experimental Prototype
		3.1 Lysimeter Module
		3.2 Camera Module
		3.3 Lysimeter Software
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Cyber-Physical IoT Systems in Wildfire Context
Fuel Break Monitoring with Sentinel-2 Imagery and GEDI Validation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Areas
		2.2 Data and Tools
		2.3 Time Series Generation
		2.4 Fuel Treatments Detection
		2.5 Fuel Load Growth Estimation
		2.6 Error Estimation
	3 Results
		3.1 Fuel Treatment Detection Results
		3.2 Fuel Load Growth Estimation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Study on Small Sensor Node Antenna Performance Camouflaged Under Grassland Fire
	1 Introduction
	2 Sensor Node Antenna
	3 Scenario Definition and Case Studies
	4 Simulation Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Data Fusion of IoT Sensor Networks for Decision Support in Forest Fire Suppression
	1 Introduction
	2 A Data Fusion Based DSS High-Level Architecture
	3 Mobile Application
	4 The CPS-IoT Multi-sensor Node
	5 Conclusions
	References
Drones as Sound Sensors for Energy-Based Acoustic Tracking on Wildfire Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 UAVs for Wildfire Detection, Prevention and Monitoring
		2.2 Acoustic Localization
	3 Problem Formulation and Characterization
	4 the Proposed Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
IoT for Smart Health
cStick: A Calm Stick for Fall Prediction, Detection and Control in the IoMT Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Prior Research
		2.1 Major Issues with the Existing Solutions
	3 Novel Contributions
	4 Physiological Parameters Considered in cStick
		4.1 Grasping Pressure
		4.2 Dietary Habits
		4.3 Posture
		4.4 Blood Oxygen Levels
		4.5 Irregular Heart Beats per Minute
		4.6 Surroundings of the User
		4.7 Location of the User
	5 Architectural Flow for Fall Prediction and Detection in cStick
		5.1 Physiological Sensor Data Unit
		5.2 Parameter Analysis Unit
		5.3 Fall Prediction and Detection Unit
		5.4 Control Unit
	6 Design Flow for Fall Prediction and Detection in cStick
	7 Implementation and Validation for Fall Prediction and Detection in cStick
		7.1 Physiological Data Acquisition
		7.2 Machine Learning Model for Edge Computing Used in cStick
		7.3 Real-Time IoMT-Edge Computing Validation in cStick
	8 Conclusions and Future Research
		8.1 Conclusions
		8.2 Future Research
	References
Hardware/Software Co-Design of a Low-Power IoT Fall Detection Device
	1 Introduction
	2 Fall Detection Basic Principles
	3 Platform Architecture
		3.1 Platform Overview
		3.2 Device Hardware Architecture
		3.3 3D Printed Enclosure
		3.4 Device Operation Algorithm
		3.5 Post-Fall Algorithm
	4 Evaluation
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Security
ReOPUF: Relaxation Oscillator Physical Unclonable Function for Reliable Key Generation in IoT Security
	1 Introduction
	2 IoT Node Authentication with PUFs - Motivation
	3 Related Research
		3.1 Ring Oscillator PUF
		3.2 Arbiter PUF
		3.3 PUF Quality Metrics
	4 Proposed Relaxation Oscillator PUF (ReOPUF)
	5 Experimental Results
		5.1 Evaluation of PUF Quality Metrics
	6 Security Evaluation of the Proposed PUF
		6.1 Entropy Analysis
		6.2 Correlation Coefficient Analysis
		6.3 Power Analysis of ReOPUF
	7 Conclusion
	References
Cyber-Physical Application for the Safety and Security Enforcement in Oil and  Gas Transportation
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
		2.1 State of the Art of Tank Truck Automation
		2.2 Cyber-Physical Systems
	3 System Architecture
		3.1 Vehicle Node
		3.2 Data Flow Management Platform
		3.3 Applications
	4 Application Logic
		4.1 Office Operations
		4.2 On-Field Operations
	5 Implementation Notes
		5.1 Application Interfaces
		5.2 Application Graphical User Interfaces
		5.3 Logic Implementations
	6 Experimental Results
		6.1 Performance Indicators
		6.2 Application Impact
	7 Privacy Issues
	8 Concluding Remarks
	References
A Secure and Efficient Cloud-Connected Body Sensor Network Platform
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Body Sensor Networks
		2.2 Data Privacy and Security
		2.3 Data Compression
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Platform Design
		3.2 Compression
		3.3 Encryption
		3.4 Cloud Uploading and Processing
		3.5 Experimental Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Compression
		4.2 Packet Processing Efficiency
	5 Conclusion
	References
Methods
EasyDeep: An IoT Friendly Robust Detection Method for GAN Generated Deepfake Images in Social Media
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges of GAN Generated Deepfake Images
	3 Novel Contributions of the Current Paper
	4 Related Prior Works
	5 Analysis of GAN Generated Deepfake Images
		5.1 Entropy Computation
		5.2 Haralick's Texture Features Analysis
		5.3 Histogram Analysis
	6 The Proposed Novel Deepfake Detection Method at Edge Computing Platform
		6.1 System Level Representation
		6.2 Detection Methodology at the Edge Platform
		6.3 Phases of Detection Method
		6.4 Detection API
		6.5 Detection Metrics
	7 Experiments
		7.1 Datasets
		7.2 GAN Generated Image Analysis
		7.3 Implementation of Proposed Detection Method of GAN Generated Images at an Edge Computing Platform
	8 Results
		8.1 Analysis of GAN Generated Images
		8.2 Evaluation of Edge Detection Model
	9 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Self-managing Energy Efficiency in IoT Nodes
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Energy Consumption in IoT Nodes
	4 Fuzzy Logic System for Energy Efficiency
	5 Fuzzy Logic System for Energy Efficiency
		5.1 Application of the Fuzzy Logic System
		5.2 Analysis of Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydric Resources and Meteorological Monitoring IoT System
	1 Introduction
	2 A Review of IoT Based Surface Water Quality Monitoring Systems
	3 System Architecture
	4 Software Setup
	5 Conclusions
	References
Author Index