Internet in Russia: A Study of the Runet and Its Impact on Social Life (Societies and Political Orders in Transition)

Internet in Russia
	SocietiesandPoliticalOrdersinTransition
		Preface
		Contents
	Part I: Theory and History
	Digital Inequalities in European Post-Soviet States
		1 Introduction
		2 A Look at Digital Divides
		3 Digital Inequalities in the Post-Soviet States
			3.1 Policy and Practice
			3.2 Divides and Inequalities
		4 Conclusions
		References
	The Internet in the Structure of the Russian Media System
		1 Introduction
		2 Historical Dynamics and Conceptual Framework
		3 Legacy Media: The Role of Traditions
			3.1 Television as a Core Medium
			3.2 Radio in Daily Routine
			3.3 Print Media: Falling Circulations, Decreasing Influence
		4 Russian Digital Media: Innovative Dynamics
			4.1 The Internet as Mass Media: A Brief History
			4.2 Runet as a Part of the Media Environment
		5 Conclusion
		References
	The Rise of Runet and the Main Stages of Its History
		1 The Internet and the Cold War
		2 Russian USENET
		3 Runet: Sturm und Drang
		4 Runet: Age of Man
		References
	Part II: Economy and Regulation
	Regulation of Online Freedom of Expression in Russia in the Context of the Council of Europe Standards
		1 The CoE Standards on Online Freedom of Expression
		2 Russian Legislation on Freedom of Expression Online
		References
	Part III: Digital Culture
	Digital Literacy Concepts and Measurement
		1 Theoretical Background
			1.1 ICT Approach
			1.2 Psychological and Pedagogical Approach
			1.3 Media and Information Approach
			1.4 Industrial Approach
			1.5 Four-Component Digital Literacy Model
		2 Empirical Surveys: ZIRCON Studies on Media Literacy (2009-2016)
			2.1 Methodology
			2.2 All-Russian Surveys (2014-2015)
			2.3 Survey in Ten Pilot Regions (2016)
		3 Empirical Surveys: Index of Digital Literacy in Russian Regions (2015-2018)
			3.1 Methodology
			3.2 Results
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Journalistic Cultures: New Times, New Gaps?
		1 Introduction
		2 Media and Modernisation in Russia: Values-Based Cleavages and Political Polarisation in an Environment of Growing Digitalisa...
			2.1 Socio-economic and Values-Based Divisions in the Society and Media
			2.2 Media-Political Divisions
			2.3 The Russian Print and Online Media: Regionalisation and Hybridisation
		3 Studies of the Russian Journalistic Community: Is Heterogeneity Addressed?
		4 The Research Design and Methodology
			4.1 The Research Design
			4.2 Sampling
			4.3 Survey Data Analysis
			4.4 Interviews with Journalists/Editors and Media Managers
		5 Results
			5.1 Cross-Domain Differences
			5.2 Domain-Based Differences
			5.3 Personal-Level Differences
			5.4 Editorial-Level Differences
			5.5 Industrial Differences
			5.6 Age, Experience, and Political Stance as Clustering Agents Within the Journalistic Community
			5.7 ``The Harshest Natural Selection´´? Editors Versus Media Managers in the Interviews
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Diversity of the Internet in Russia´s Regions: Towards an Alternative Research Agenda
		1 Introduction
		2 The Internet in Russian Regions: Figures
		3 Beyond Numbers: Operationalising the Internet Research of Diversity Across Country
		4 Key Terms and Theoretical Basis
		5 Voronezh: Why Infrastructure History Matters
		6 Tomsk: To Bring Them All
		7 Pereslavl-Zalessky: ``Botik´´ and ``Pochemuchka´´-An Alternative Way of Internet Development
		8 Arzamas: How One Group in SNS Serves Local the Citizens, the Authorities and the Mainstream Media
		9 Tyumen: The Internetisation of Everything
		10 Diversity Revisited: The Decline of Runet and Start for the Internet in Russia
		References
	Data Turn and Datascape in Russia
		1 Introduction: Is Big Data Made a ``Great Revolution´´ in Russia?
		2 Genesis of ``Dead´´ Big Data: From Tech to Bio-Socio-Technological Phenomena
		3 Data Turn Versus Data-Driven Divide? A ``Datafied´´ Methodological View on the Controversy of Capitalism
		4 Forming a Data System in Russia
		5 Non-Human-Non-Places Landscapes: Social Clairvoyance of Revolutionary Russian Data Art
		6 Findings and Future Research
		References
	Elite Russian Students´ Internet Strategies: Trust, Persuasion, and Rejection
		1 Political Significance of Trust
		2 Methods
			2.1 Which Instrument to Use?
			2.2 Focus Groups
		3 Trust on the Internet: To Trust or Not to Trust Sites
		4 Self-Censorship, Self-Segregation
		5 Persuasive Communication Online: Posts and Ads
			5.1 Scale Matters
			5.2 Factors Affecting Persuasion
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Part IV: Participation, Representations and Discussions
	Russia in International Social Media Discussions: Pro and Contra
		1 Information, Activism and Social Media
		2 Clashing Realities in Cyberspace: Anti- and Pro-Russian Communities on Facebook
			2.1 Method
			2.2 Negative Groups
			2.3 Positive Groups
		3 Conclusion
		References
	Runet in Crisis Situations
		1 Introduction
		2 Role of Digital Platforms in Crisis Situations
		3 Russia and Crisis Situations: A Sociopolitical Context
		4 The Role of Runet in the Constitution of the User´s Position in Crisis Situations
			4.1 Major Incidents, Terror Attacks and Alternative Sources of Data
			4.2 Natural Disasters and Crowdsourcing
			4.3 Internal and External Conflicts: Participation and Political Innovation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Gender Activism in the Russian Segment of the Internet
		1 Introduction
		2 Gender Studies of the Internet: Main Perspectives
		3 Gender Activism: Discussion on the Russian Internet
		References
	The Internet: Its Influences on Environmental Communication and Environmental Movements
		1 Conceptualising Social Change Related to Internet Communication
		2 How the Internet Influences Social Structures and Processes
		3 Environmental Communication Through the Internet in Russia
		4 Environmental Movements in Russia and Their Use of the Internet
		5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Making Ruins Great Again: Documentation and Participation on Instagram
		1 Documenting Decay on Instagram
		2 Instagram Accounts Under Scrutiny
		3 Multiple Uses of Instagram: Reporting, Activism and Storage
		4 Making Ruins Great Again: Beauty and Pain in the Photographs
		5 I Have Been Here! Documenting Ruins and Coming Together as a Community
		6 Concluding Discussion
		References
	Afterwords