International Student Security

HALF-TITLE......Page 3
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
FIGURES......Page 8
TABLES......Page 9
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 11
PREFACE......Page 13
PART 1 STUDENTS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET......Page 17
INTRODUCTION: HAPPY DAYS......Page 19
Incident 1......Page 21
Incident 2......Page 22
Incident 3......Page 23
Incident 4......Page 24
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AS WITNESSES......Page 25
THE STUDY......Page 28
WHY INTERNATIONAL STUDENT SECURITY?......Page 31
THE BOOK......Page 38
INTRODUCTION: THE NATIONAL FACTOR......Page 40
AUSTRALIA......Page 41
HIGHER EDUCATION......Page 43
AUSTRALIA AND ASIA......Page 46
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION......Page 48
CONCLUSIONS......Page 50
ROOTS OF GLOBAL MOBILITY......Page 52
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MARKET......Page 55
DRIVERS OF STUDENT CHOICE......Page 58
AUSTRALIA IN THE GLOBAL MARKET......Page 59
SCALE OF EDUCATION EXPORTS......Page 61
IMBALANCES......Page 63
AUSTRALIA’S POSITION IN THE GLOBAL MARKET......Page 66
CONCLUSIONS......Page 68
INTRODUCTION: STUDENTS CHANGING THEMSELVES......Page 69
HUMAN SECURITY IN THE GLOBAL SETTING......Page 71
AGENCY AND SECURITY......Page 74
GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION......Page 78
CHANGES IN GOVERNANCE......Page 79
THE STUDENT-AS-CONSUMER......Page 82
THE REGIME OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENT SECURITY......Page 84
CONCLUSIONS......Page 90
PUBLIC DOMAIN......Page 97
THE NATIONAL CODE IN AUSTRALIA......Page 98
INTRODUCTION: ‘IF YOU PRICK US, DO WE NOT BLEED?’......Page 105
International studies......Page 107
STUDIES IN AUSTRALIA......Page 111
REGULATION OF FINANCIAL CAPACITY......Page 114
‘I don’t want my family to support me; I want to be independent’......Page 118
‘When my daughter came . . . electricity account, everything was up’......Page 121
‘International students should be given some kind of credit’......Page 124
CONCLUSIONS......Page 127
INTRODUCTION: ‘ALL THIS FOR $8 AN HOUR’......Page 130
Local student-workers......Page 133
International student-workers......Page 135
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT-WORKERS IN AUSTRALIA......Page 139
THE REGULATORY REGIME......Page 143
The questions on student work......Page 149
‘I had to work a lot’......Page 150
‘We are paid shift wages’......Page 151
‘She was a nasty piece of job’......Page 154
CONCLUSIONS......Page 158
INTRODUCTION: ‘FALLING WELL SHORT OF OUR DUTY OF CARE’......Page 161
Financing university and affiliated housing......Page 163
HOMESTAY AND THE UNAFFILIATED RENTAL MARKET......Page 166
OBSTACLES AND COPING STRATEGIES......Page 167
THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT HOUSING CRISIS IN AUSTRALIA......Page 168
POLICY AND REGULATION......Page 172
The questions on student housing......Page 173
‘They are not very helpful here, to be honest’......Page 174
‘I don’t have what you call a room’......Page 178
SEEKING ACCOMMODATION......Page 179
LOCATION......Page 180
DEALING WITH AGENTS......Page 182
TYPES OF HOUSING......Page 183
‘It did take me four or five months to find that place’......Page 187
CONCLUSIONS......Page 188
INTRODUCTION: BODY, MIND AND MONEY......Page 190
International studies......Page 192
AUSTRALIAN STUDIES......Page 200
UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE STUDY......Page 202
REGULATION AND INSURANCE......Page 205
‘It’s like my immune system was down’......Page 209
‘Nine to five you can be sick, not after that’......Page 210
Non-Western health......Page 211
Student satisfaction with services......Page 212
‘Health insurance really worked that night’......Page 214
‘All this group of people helped a lot’......Page 216
CONCLUSIONS......Page 218
INTRODUCTION: THE LOGIC OF DENIAL......Page 220
THE LITERATURE ON STUDENT SAFETY......Page 224
THE USA......Page 226
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE......Page 231
SAFETY FROM SELF-HARM......Page 232
NEW ZEALAND......Page 233
UNITED KINGDOM......Page 235
RUSSIA......Page 238
Formal regulation......Page 239
STUDENTS’ CONCERNS......Page 240
THE SLOW OFFICIAL RESPONSE......Page 241
‘I feel safe when I don’t go out late’......Page 243
‘Why is there so many fucking Asians here?’......Page 246
‘I was so scared’......Page 248
‘I gave them everything but they started hitting me’......Page 249
‘I feel more safe here’......Page 250
‘They have to learn common sense pretty quickly’......Page 252
CONCLUSIONS......Page 254
INTRODUCTION: THE ALIENS HAVE LANDED......Page 257
The USA......Page 259
The UK......Page 260
Australia......Page 261
The Senate committee report......Page 263
IMMIGRATION......Page 267
‘There is nobody who guides students’......Page 268
The immigration office: ‘I hate them’......Page 269
‘These are the rules’......Page 273
OTHER DEALINGS WITH GOVERNMENT......Page 276
CONCLUSIONS......Page 277
INTRODUCTION TO PART 3: THE INFORMAL AND PRIVATE DOMAIN......Page 279
INTRODUCTION: THE CONSUMER AS SUPPLICANT......Page 287
International literature......Page 290
Australia......Page 293
Student satisfaction survey, 2006......Page 298
SERVICES AND ADMINISTRATION......Page 300
Services and the international office: ‘Very warm hearted’......Page 301
‘It’s becoming profit first’......Page 302
‘It’s just the way the uni works’......Page 303
‘Some are very nice and some just don’t care’......Page 306
CONCLUSIONS......Page 307
INTRODUCTION: LANGUAGE AND STUDENT SECURITY......Page 310
International studies......Page 312
Australia......Page 316
Language testing......Page 320
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SKILLS OF INTERVIEWEES......Page 323
Does English create difficulties for you in your academic work?......Page 324
‘I was just tongue-tied’......Page 327
Are there significant barriers in making friends across cultures?......Page 329
Have you experienced hostility or prejudice while in Australia?......Page 330
IELTS: ‘It is only focused on the test’......Page 331
Prior preparation in English......Page 332
LANGUAGE SUPPORT SERVICES: ‘IT IS NOT ENOUGH’......Page 333
What would you advise other students?......Page 334
CONCLUSIONS......Page 336
INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS, RELATIONSHIPS AND STUDENT SECURITY......Page 340
Social capital theory......Page 343
Social network analysis......Page 345
Factors shaping networks......Page 347
Australian study of connectedness......Page 350
Questions on bonding and networks......Page 353
MAP OF NETWORKS......Page 354
Accommodation: ‘I was lucky to be in the college environment’......Page 355
Campus-based organisations: ‘Almost every month we have a major event’......Page 356
PARENTS AND FAMILIES......Page 359
‘I call them every tonight’......Page 360
‘Don’t come alone’......Page 363
‘They come and go’......Page 365
‘I’m so picky’......Page 367
SAME-CULTURE NETWORKING: ‘GOING BACK TOWARDS MY FRIENDS FROM MALAYSIA’......Page 369
‘I really feel for them’......Page 371
‘Not many local students, more likely ABCs’......Page 373
‘Usually still Asian’......Page 374
CONCLUSIONS......Page 375
INTRODUCTION: THE LONELINESS OF THE LONG-DISTANCE STUDENT......Page 381
LITERATURE ON LONELINESS......Page 382
Causes of loneliness......Page 384
Loneliness and individual characteristics......Page 385
COPING WITH LONELINESS......Page 387
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AND LONELINESS......Page 389
ONLY THE LONELY......Page 391
Personal loneliness: ‘I’ll cry and cry on the phone’......Page 393
Shock of the new: ‘We are in the very strange place’......Page 395
Obstacles to networking: ‘Everybody here lives in their own world’......Page 396
Loneliness in the institution: ‘If I knew I would be so isolated . . . ’......Page 397
Coping strategies......Page 398
Personal support: ‘You just call home’......Page 399
University staff: ‘I went to the counselling service’......Page 400
ONLY THE NOT LONELY......Page 401
Personal characteristics: ‘Not much time for getting sad’......Page 402
CONCLUSIONS......Page 403
INTRODUCTION: INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS AND STUDENT SECURITY......Page 408
RESEARCH ON ADJUSTMENT......Page 411
BEYOND ETHNOCENTRISM......Page 413
CROSS-CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS......Page 417
STEREOTYPING......Page 418
DISCRIMINATION, PREJUDICE AND ABUSE......Page 420
USA......Page 421
Australia......Page 425
RELATIONS BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL STUDENTS......Page 428
USA......Page 429
Australia......Page 430
The locals: ‘They just can’t step out of culture’......Page 435
Opening to the locals: ‘We can adjust ourselves to suit into them’......Page 436
Taking the initiative: ‘We have to approach them’......Page 438
Dynamics of separation: ‘It’s much more difficult than I imagined’......Page 439
The locals don’t care: ‘They stay separate’......Page 441
Levels of intimacy: ‘They’re friendly, but . . . ’......Page 442
International groupings: ‘We always ask each other’......Page 443
Opportunity barriers: ‘Not many in the class’......Page 444
Communication barriers: ‘Different cultures have different topics’......Page 445
Lifestyle barriers: ‘Here it’s nightclubs, girls, alcohol’......Page 446
Being positive: ‘I can be what I want’......Page 447
Intercultural tensions: ‘You just feel it’......Page 449
Appearance and voice: ‘I mean, it’s my first language’......Page 450
On being Muslim: ‘Honestly, we feel threatened’......Page 451
Inside the university: ‘They are used to international students’......Page 452
In the community: ‘The people here don’t like me’......Page 453
CONCLUSIONS......Page 455
STRATEGIES FOR INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS......Page 457
PART 4 PROTECTION AND EMPOWERMENT......Page 461
INTRODUCTION: INSECURITY IN THE MARKETPLACE......Page 463
ISSUES DISTINCTIVE TO INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS......Page 466
REREGULATING STUDENT SECURITY......Page 469
Support structures......Page 471
Student self-organisation......Page 472
Beyond the campus......Page 474
Language......Page 475
Immigration......Page 476
Loneliness......Page 477
Safety......Page 478
Discrimination......Page 479
Product definition and differentiation......Page 480
Global regulation......Page 481
Signing off......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 483
INDEX......Page 517