International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

 Content: Front Cover; International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology; Copyright; Contents; Contributors; Chapter One: Neuropeptides, Trophic Factors, and Other Substances Providing Morphofunctional and Metabolic Protection in ... ; 1. Prevalence and Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy; 1.1. Why experimental models are needed; 1.2. Aims; 2. Diabetic Retinopathy: Early Signs and Late-Developing Symptoms; 2.1. Histological alterations; 2.1.1. RGCs and the optic nerve; 2.1.2. Amacrine, horizontal, and bipolar cells; 2.1.3. Photoreceptors; 2.1.4. Synaptic layers. 2.1.5. Müller glial and retinal pigment epithelial cells2.1.5.1. Müller glial cells; 2.1.5.2. Pigment epithelial cells; 2.1.6. Cells migrating to the retina in response to diabetes; 2.2. Molecular alterations; 2.2.1. Apoptotic markers; 2.2.2. Glutamate excitotoxicity-induced apoptosis in diabetic retina; 2.2.3. Pathways; 2.2.4. Metabolic end products; 2.3. Electrophysiological changes; 3. Experimental Models of Diabetic Retinopathy; 3.1. Type 1 diabetes; 3.1.1. Chemical induction; 3.1.1.1. Alloxan; 3.1.1.2. Streptozotocin; 3.1.2. Genetic defects; 3.1.2.1. BB/W rats; 3.2. Type 2 diabetes. 3.2.1. OLETF rats3.2.2. Zucker diabetic fatty rats; 3.2.3. Spontaneously diabetic Torii rats; 3.2.4. Goto-Kakizaki rats; 3.2.5. ob/ob mice; 3.2.6. db/db mice; 3.2.7. Ins2Akita mice; 3.3. Ex vivo and in vitro models; 3.3.1. Retinal ganglion cell lines; 3.3.2. Müller glial cell lines; 3.3.3. Retinal pigment epithelial cell lines; 3.3.4. Retinal endothelial cell lines; 3.3.5. Retinal explants; 3.3.6. Choroidal explants; 4. Experimental Approaches to the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy; 4.1. Insulin and IGFs; 4.2. Neuropeptides; 4.2.1. Somatostatin. 4.2.2. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide4.3. Therapies with vascular targets; 4.3.1. Angiotensin; 4.3.2. Angiotensin receptor blockers; 4.3.3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; 4.3.4. (Pro)Renin receptor blockers; 4.3.5. Antiangiogenic treatments; 4.3.5.1. Angiostatin; 4.3.5.2. Decursin; 4.3.5.3. Anti-VEGF antibodies; 4.4. Hormones; 4.4.1. Erythropoietin; 4.4.2. Melatonin; 4.4.2. Exendin-4 and its analogs; 4.5. Neurotrophic factors; 4.5.1. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; 4.5.2. Nerve growth factor; 4.5.3. Pigment epithelium-derived factor; 4.6. Others. 4.6.1. Inhibition of metabolic changes4.6.2. Compounds and extracts from plants; 4.6.2.1. Flavonoids; 4.6.2.2. Polyphenols; 4.6.2.3. Other plant extracts; 4.6.3. Miscellaneous compounds; 4.6.3.1. Retinoic acids; 4.6.3.2. Calpain inhibitors; 4.6.3.3. Sitagliptin; 4.6.3.4. Carnosine; 4.6.3.5. Memantine; 4.6.3.6. Nepafenac; 4.6.3.7. Vitamin D; 4.6.3.8. Hydrogen sulfide; 4.6.3.9. Hydrogen saline; 4.6.3.10. N-acetylcysteine; 4.6.3.11. Fasudil; 4.6.3.12. Photobiomodulation; 5. Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgments; References.
 Abstract:             International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology presents comprehensive reviews and current advances in cell and molecular biology. Articles address structure and control of gene expression, nucleocytoplasmic interactions, control of cell development and differentiation, and cell transformation and growth. The series has a world-wide readership, maintaining a high standard by publishing invited articles on important and timely topics authored by prominent cell and molecular biologists. Impact factor for 2012: 4.973. Authored by some of the foremost scient