International Migration Outlook

Foreword......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Editorial: The Medical Brain Drain: Myths and Realities......Page 19
Introduction......Page 23
Part I. Recent Trends in International Migration......Page 29
Chart I.1. Net migration rates, traditional immigration and emigration OECD countries, 1956-2003......Page 30
2. Population ageing, the working-age population and international migration......Page 32
Chart I.3. Expected change in the working-age population assuming zero net migration over the periods indicated, 2005-2020......Page 33
3. International migration in 2005......Page 35
Box I.1. Standardised statistics on immigrant inflows......Page 36
Inflows of foreign nationals in selected OECD countries, 2005......Page 37
Table I.1. Inflows of foreign nationals, 2003-2005......Page 38
Chart I.5. International migration by category of entry, selected OECD countries, 2005, standardised data......Page 39
Table I.2. Top 10 source countries for immigration, 2000 and 2005......Page 40
5. Recent trends in migration from new European Union members......Page 42
Immigration from the new EU accession countries to the United Kingdom......Page 44
Chart I.7. Migration from new EU member countries to selected OECD countries, 1998-2005......Page 45
6. Indian and Chinese immigrants in OECD countries......Page 46
7. Africa and international migration......Page 47
Chart I.9. Share of immigrants born in Africa in the foreign-born population in OECD countries, Circa 2000......Page 48
8. Unauthorised immigration......Page 49
9. Permanent settlement......Page 51
Table I.3. Estimated ratio of outflows to inflows of the foreign-born population, 1990s......Page 52
10. Temporary workers......Page 53
Table I.4. Entries of temporary workers in selected OECD countries by principal categories, 2003-2005......Page 54
Table I.5. International and/or foreign students in tertiary education, 2000 and 2004......Page 55
12. Arrivals of asylum seekers......Page 57
13. Changes in status......Page 58
Table I.7. Changes in status from temporary to permanent in selected OECD countries, 2005......Page 60
Chart I.11. Prevalence and evolution of the foreign-born population in OECD countries, 1995-2005......Page 61
15. Migration of the highly educated in perspective......Page 62
Chart I.12. Percentage of immigrants and native-born persons aged 15 and above with a tertiary qualification, Circa 2000......Page 63
1. The situation of foreigners and immigrants in the labour market in OECD countries......Page 64
Table I.8. Foreign or foreign-born labour force in selected OECD countries, 2000 and 2005......Page 65
Chart I.14. Participation rate by birth status in some OECD countries, 2004-2005......Page 66
Chart I.15. Difference between the participation rates of native- and foreign-born by origin in selected European OECD countries, 2005......Page 67
Table I.9. Employment change, total and foreign-born, 1995-2005......Page 68
Chart I.16. Change in the number of foreign-born employed in selected OECD countries, 1995-2005......Page 69
Equality of employment rates is an objective which is partly attainable, subject to equality of opportunity......Page 70
Box I.4. Trends in the employment rate of immigrants and native-born assuming an equal probability of losing or finding a job......Page 71
Chart I.17. Evolution of the gap in the employment rate between the native- and foreign-born population over time assuming equal hiring and job loss probabilities for both groups, selected European OECD countries, 2005......Page 72
Chart I.18. Unemployment rate of foreign-born and native-born, 2004-2005......Page 73
Immigrant employment is concentrated in the service sectors…......Page 74
… and in low or very highly skilled jobs......Page 75
Immigrant self-employment is on the increase......Page 76
Working conditions for immigrants often continue to be less favourable than for the native population......Page 77
Chart I.21b. Share of part-time employment in total employment by birth status, 2005......Page 78
There is a growing interest in the integration of native-born children of immigrants, and the integration issues for this group are not necessarily the same as for young immigrants......Page 79
Children of immigrants now account for a large share of young people entering the labour market in many OECD countries......Page 80
Chart I.22. Share of persons with a migration background in the population aged 20-29......Page 81
Chart I.23. PISA (2003) results in mathematics for the children of immigrants......Page 82
Labour market outcomes tend to be unfavourable even after accounting for the generally lower educational background......Page 83
Chart I.24. Differences in employment rates between native-born without migration background and the second generation by gender, latest available year......Page 84
Chart I.25. Unemployment rate of immigrants and the second generation relative to that of native-born......Page 85
Obstacles to the labour market integration of the children of immigrants… and possible remedies......Page 86
Annex Table I.A1.1. Labour market situation of foreign- and native-born populations in selected OECD countries, 1995, 2000 and 2004-2005......Page 88
Annex Table I.A1.2. Labour market situation of foreigners and nationals in selected OECD countries, 1995, 2000 and 2004-2005......Page 91
Annex Table I.A1.3. Education levels for immigrants, the second generation, and other native-born, 20-29 and not in education, by gender, latest available year......Page 94
Annex Table I.A1.4. Employment rates for immigrants, the second generation, and other native-born, 20-29 and not in education, by gender, latest available year......Page 96
Meeting labour market needs......Page 98
Box I.6. The points system in the United Kingdom: Qualification and sponsorship......Page 100
Table I.13. Review of the first phase of the transition period in EU15, EEA and Switzerland......Page 105
c) Making the most of human capital: Facilitating student jobs and changes of status......Page 104
Box I.7. Developments in the Working Holiday-Maker programme......Page 106
I.2. Better reception, better integration: redefining responsibilities for integration......Page 110
Box I.8. Towards an obligation of result: the new Integration Act in the Netherlands......Page 112
Box I.9. Canada’s sponsorship system......Page 113
2. Immigration at the heart of international relations......Page 117
2.1. The fight against illegal immigration and respect for basic human rights......Page 118
2.2. Migration policy: Between competition to recruit highly skilled workers and cooperation to promote development......Page 122
Box I.11. Economic policy coherence and migration of highly skilled workers: The case of East Asia......Page 125
Notes......Page 126
Bibliography (Related to Section I.B. Immigrants and the Labour Market)......Page 129
Bibliography (Related to Section I.C. Migration Policies)......Page 130
Part II. Matching Educational Background and Employment: A Challenge for Immigrants In Host Countries......Page 133
1. Education: A labour market access factor which immigrants do not always benefit from......Page 134
Table II.1. Education level of foreign- and native-born populations aged 25 to 64 in OECD countries, 2003-2004......Page 135
2. Occupational over-qualification: A variety of approaches......Page 136
Box II.1. Different approaches to the over-qualification problem......Page 137
Immigrants are more over-qualified than the native-born......Page 138
Table II.2. Over-qualification rates of native- and foreign-born populations in some OECD countries......Page 139
Women, recent immigrants, and those from outside the OECD area are most likely to be over-qualified......Page 140
Table II.3. Over-qualification rate of native- and foreign-born populations by gender in some OECD countries, 2003-2004......Page 141
Table II.4. Over-qualification rate of the foreign-born population according to their duration of stay in some OECD countries, 2003-2004......Page 142
Box II.2. The “Box and Whiskers Plot”......Page 143
Table II.5. Over-qualification rate of immigrants by country of birth and destination country, Circa 2000......Page 144
4. Interpretation of over-qualification by levels of literacy......Page 145
Chart II.3. Over-qualification rate by level of quantitative literacy and country of birth in Europe and in Australia, Circa 1995......Page 146
Table II.6. Logistic model of the probability of over-qualification (Australia)......Page 147
Table II.7. Logistic model of the probability of over-qualification (Europe)......Page 149
Conclusion......Page 151
Notes......Page 152
Bibliography......Page 153
Table II.A1.1. Employment and unemployment rates of native- and foreign-born populations by level of education, 2003-2004......Page 156
Annex II.A2. Measuring Competencies by Educational Level and Job Classification......Page 157
Table II.A2.3. Correspondence between ISCED education level and ISCO employment level......Page 158
Chart II.A3.1. Overeducation rates for individuals with higher education in Germany, 2003-2004......Page 159
Table II.A3.1. Wage-based over-qualification rate of native- and foreign-born by level of education in some OECD countries, 2003-2004......Page 160
Notes......Page 161
Part III. Immigrant Health Workers in OECD Countries in the Broader Context of Highly Skilled Migration......Page 163
Main findings......Page 164
1.A. The size of the immigrant health workforce in OECD countries......Page 166
Table III.1. Practising health professionals by occupation and place of birth in OECD countries, Circa 2000......Page 167
Chart III.1. Share of foreign-born among practicing doctors, dentists and pharmacists in selected OECD countries, Circa 2000......Page 168
Box III.1. International comparability of health professional registration data......Page 169
Table III.2. Immigrants registered in selected OECD countries, doctors and nurses, 2000 and 2005......Page 171
Chart III.2b. Percentage of foreign-born doctors compared to the percentage of foreign-born among people employed and holding a PhD in selected OECD countries, Circa 2000......Page 173
Chart III.3. Distribution of foreign-born doctors and nurses by country of residence in the OECD area, Circa 2000......Page 174
Chart III.4. Distribution of foreign-born doctors and nurses by main regions of origin in OECD countries, Circa 2000......Page 175
1.B. Impact of international mobility of health professionals on origin countries: Main issues at stake......Page 176
Chart III.6. Foreign-born doctors and nurses in the OECD by main countries of origin (top 25), Circa 2000......Page 177
Chart III.7. Emigration rate and density of doctors by origin country, Circa 2000......Page 178
Chart III.8. Emigration rate of the highly skilled and of doctors, non-OECD countries......Page 179
2. Recent trends in migration movements of health professionals......Page 181
Box III.2. Code of conduct for the recruitment of international health workers......Page 182
2.A. Recent flows: Rising figures - rising concerns......Page 183
Chart III.9. Inflow of immigrant doctors and nurses in selected OECD countries, 1995-2005......Page 184
Box III.3. Could patient mobility and telemedicine help to alleviate health worker shortage concerns?......Page 187
2.B. Diversification of origin countries......Page 188
Chart III.10. Distribution by region of origin of immigration inflows of health professionals in the United Kingdom and the United States, 1995-97 and 2002-04......Page 189
Share of hearth care professionals who wants to work abroad......Page 191
3. International recruitment of health professionals and migration policies in OECD countries......Page 192
3.A. Special permits and entry conditions......Page 193
Box III.5. Initiatives to recruit foreign medical practitioners in rural areas......Page 195
Box III.6. Trade and international mobility of health professionals......Page 197
3.B. Recognition of foreign qualifications......Page 196
Box III.7. Recognition of diplomas within the European Union and in Europe more generally......Page 199
3.C. Employment conditions of the immigrant health workforce......Page 200
Conclusion......Page 201
Notes......Page 202
Bibliography......Page 205
Table III.A1.1. Distribution of foreign-born doctors by countries of origin in selected OECD countries......Page 210
Table III.A1.2. Distribution of foreign-born nurses by countries of origin in selected OECD countries......Page 211
Table III.A1.3. Foreign-born doctors by country of birth and country of residence in selected OECD countries......Page 212
Table III.A1.4. Foreign-born nurses by country of birth and country of residence in selected OECD countries......Page 213
Table III.A2.1. Expatriation rates for doctors and nurses, Circa 2000......Page 214
Annex III.A3. Migration Policies and Recognition of Foreign Qualifications for Health Professionals......Page 219
Part IV. Recent Changes in Migration Movements and Policies......Page 231
Australia......Page 232
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 233
Austria......Page 234
Belgium......Page 236
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 237
Bulgaria......Page 238
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 239
Canada......Page 240
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 241
Czech Republic......Page 242
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 243
Denmark......Page 244
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 245
Finland......Page 246
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 247
France......Page 248
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 249
Germany......Page 250
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 251
Greece......Page 252
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 253
Hungary......Page 254
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 255
Ireland......Page 256
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 257
Italy......Page 258
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 259
Japan......Page 260
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 261
Korea......Page 262
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 263
Lithuania......Page 264
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 265
Luxembourg......Page 266
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 267
Mexico......Page 268
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 269
Netherlands......Page 270
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 271
New Zealand......Page 272
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 273
Norway......Page 274
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 275
Poland......Page 276
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 277
Portugal......Page 278
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 279
Romania......Page 280
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 281
Slovak Republic......Page 282
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 283
Spain......Page 284
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 285
Sweden......Page 286
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 287
Switzerland......Page 288
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 289
Turkey......Page 290
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 291
United Kingdom......Page 292
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 293
United States......Page 294
Macroeconomic, demographic and labour market indicators......Page 295
How To Read the Tables of Part IV......Page 296
Introduction......Page 299
Inflows and Outflows of Foreign Population......Page 301
Table A.1.1. Inflows of foreign population into selected OECD countries......Page 303
Table A.1.2. Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries......Page 304
Austria......Page 305
Canada......Page 306
Denmark......Page 307
France......Page 308
Greece......Page 309
Ireland......Page 310
Japan......Page 311
Netherlands......Page 312
Norway......Page 313
Portugal......Page 314
Spain......Page 315
Switzerland......Page 316
United Kingdom......Page 317
United States......Page 318
Metadata related to Tables A.1.1, A.1.2. and B.1.1. Migration flows in selected OECD countries......Page 319
Inflows of Asylum Seekers......Page 322
Table A.1.3. Inflows of asylum seekers into OECD countries......Page 323
Belgium......Page 324
France......Page 325
Netherlands......Page 326
Switzerland......Page 327
United States......Page 328
Metadata related to Tables A.1.3. and B.1.3. Inflows of asylum seekers......Page 329
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-born Population......Page 330
Table A.1.4. Stocks of foreign-born population in selected OECD countries......Page 332
Austria......Page 333
Canada......Page 334
Finland......Page 335
Greece......Page 336
Ireland......Page 337
Netherlands......Page 338
Norway......Page 339
Portugal......Page 340
Sweden......Page 341
United Kingdom......Page 342
United States......Page 343
Metadata related to Tables A.1.4. and B.1.4. Foreign-born population......Page 344
Table A.1.5. Stocks of foreign population in selected OECD countries......Page 345
Belgium......Page 346
Denmark......Page 347
France......Page 348
Greece......Page 349
Ireland......Page 350
Japan......Page 351
Luxembourg......Page 352
Norway......Page 353
Portugal......Page 354
Spain......Page 355
Switzerland......Page 356
United Kingdom......Page 357
Metadata related to Tables A.1.5. and B.1.5. Foreign population......Page 358
Acquisition of Nationality......Page 360
Table A.1.6. Acquisition of nationality in selected OECD countries......Page 361
Austria......Page 362
Canada......Page 363
Finland......Page 364
Hungary......Page 365
Luxembourg......Page 366
New Zealand......Page 367
Poland......Page 368
Slovak Republic......Page 369
Sweden......Page 370
United States......Page 371
Metadata related to Tables A.1.6. and B.1.6. Acquisition of nationality......Page 372
Inflows of Foreign Workers......Page 373
Table A.2.1. Inflows of foreign workers into selected OECD countries......Page 374
Metadata related to Table A.2.1. Inflows of foreign workers......Page 375
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-Born Labour......Page 377
Australia......Page 378
Canada......Page 379
Finland......Page 380
New Zealand......Page 381
United Kingdom......Page 382
United States......Page 383
Metadata related to Tables A.2.2. and B.2.1. Foreign-born labour force......Page 384
Table A.2.3. Stocks of foreign labour force in selected OECD countries......Page 385
Belgium......Page 386
Denmark......Page 387
France......Page 388
Greece......Page 389
Ireland......Page 390
Japan......Page 391
Luxembourg......Page 392
Norway......Page 393
Slovak Republic......Page 394
Sweden......Page 395
United Kingdom......Page 396
Metadata related to Tables A.2.3. and B.2.2. Foreign labour force......Page 397
List of Sopemi Correspondents......Page 399
List of OECD Secretariat Members Involved in the Preparation of this Report......Page 401