International Migration Outlook 2019

Foreword
Editorial
Executive summary
	Migration up 2% in OECD countries in 2018
	Adjusting migration programmes and fostering integration
	The impact of temporary migration on the labour market
	Integration and the role of family reunification
	Key findings
Chapter 1.  Recent developments in international migration movements and policies
	Introduction
	Main findings
	Recent trends in international migration
		Preliminary trends in permanent-type migration to OECD countries in 2018
		Final data for permanent-type migration flows in 2017 by category of entry
		Temporary labour migration
			Seasonal workers
			Working holidaymakers
			Trainees
			Intra-company transferees
			Intra-EU/EFTA posted workers
		Students
		Asylum seekers
	Size and composition of the foreign-born population in OECD countries
		Countries of origin of new immigrants to the OECD
		Flows of migrant women
		Acquisition of citizenship
	Recent policy developments
		Migration management
		Economic migration
			Programmes for economic migrants adjusted
			Measures to make countries more attractive
			Favouring regional migration
			Shortage lists
			Sponsorship
			Caps and ceilings continue to play a role
			Criteria and conditions in temporary and seasonal programmes evolve
			Bilateral labour migration agreements
			Investor programmes are more common and better adjusted
			Start-up and innovation visas
		Asylum seeking
			Changes aim to streamline and accelerate asylum procedures
			Tighter conditions for entry and stay
		Free movement
		Refugees and resettlement policies
		Family migration policy
		Border security and irregular migration
		Student migration and post-study transitions
			Favourable conditions to attract and retain
			Measures to verify legitimate student status
		Initiatives for emigrants
		Youth Mobility
		Permanent residence
		Administrative change and action plans
	Notes
		Annex 1.A. Supplementary tables and figures
Chapter 2.  Labour market outcomes of migrants and integration policies in OECD countries
	Introduction
	Main findings
	Recent changes in labour market outcomes of migrants in the OECD area
		Immigrants benefited from the overall improvements in economic conditions in recent years
		A longer term perspective on the evolution of employment and unemployment of immigrants since 2007 shows diverging trends
		The employment recovery did not benefit all immigrant groups to the same extent
		Mixed progress across regions of birth
		A special focus on labour market outcomes of settled and recently arrived migrants
		Higher employment rates are often associated with higher in-work poverty
	Recent changes in integration policies in OECD countries
		Early intervention remains the key concern for successful integration of newcomers
			Countries continue to create integration programmes to structure early integration activities
			Where introduction programmes have existed for some time, countries are restructuring services
			Language training remains a primary focus of integration…
			…while countries place increasing emphasis on improving the quality of language courses
			Civic integration aims to enhance social cohesion
			Early labour market integration remains high on the policy agenda
			Assessment of skills and recognition of formal qualifications continues to develop
			Measures are increasingly targeted at the most vulnerable groups, such as youth…
			…and migrant women
			Promoting integration of children at school is a growing priority in many countries
			Anti-discrimination and diversity policies remain a major tool to foster integration
			Local authorities play a stronger role
			Monitoring and evaluation is increasingly influencing the design and innovation of integration policy
			Countries have followed divergent trends regarding the support and social protection available to newcomers
		The essential integration role for citizenship
			Naturalisation requirements increasingly emphasise integration outcomes rather than years of residency
			OECD countries continue to facilitate naturalisation for specific groups…
			…while the fight against terrorism is also finding an echo in naturalisation policy
	References
		Annex 2.A. Supplementary tables and figures
Chapter 3.  Capturing the ephemeral: How much labour do temporary migrants contribute in OECD countries?
	Introduction
	Main findings
	Why study the impact of temporary migration on the host country labour market?
		The role of temporary migration in migration policy
		The impact of temporary migration on the host country labour market is an understudied topic
	Temporary migration across OECD countries
		A portrait of temporary migration across OECD countries
			The different categories of temporary migrants
		The duration of stay varies across countries and types of permits issued
			Accompanying family and their access to the host country labour market
		An estimation of the contribution of temporary migrants to the employed population in OECD countries
			Temporary labour migrants add up to 2% to the host country’s employed population
			The contribution of other temporary migrants is limited by the permit rules and migrant choices in terms of labour market participation
				Accompanying family
				Working holidaymakers
				International students
	Temporary migrants within the EU/EFTA
		Free-movement temporary labour migrants in the EU/EFTA add over 1% to the total employed population in a third of EU/EFTA countries
		The contribution of free-movement temporary labour migrants is largest in the construction and manufacturing sectors
		The contribution of free-movement international students
		Focus on posted workers
			A full-year equivalent estimated contribution of posted workers to the employed population
			Posted workers in the construction sector
	Summary of results and concluding remarks
		Summary of the estimation results
		Conclusion
	Notes
	References
		Annex 3.A. The impact of temporary migration on the host country labour market
	A short literature review on the impact of immigration on the host country labour market
	Why study the specific impact of temporary migration on the host country labour market?
	Available evidence on the impact of temporary migration
		Programme based evidence
		Evidence based on different subgroups of temporary migrants
			Annex 3.B. The estimation strategy
	Estimation of the contribution of temporary migrants based on OECD permit data
		Estimating the contribution of temporary labour migrants
		Estimating the contribution of other temporary migrants with work rights
		Assumptions used to estimate the contribution of secondary permit holders
		Assumptions used to estimate the contribution of working holidaymakers
		Assumptions used to estimate the contribution of international students
	Estimation of the contribution of free movement temporary migrants in the EU/EFTA
		Estimating the contribution of temporary free movement labour migrants
		Estimating the contribution of free movement international students
		Estimating the contribution of free movement posted workers
			Annex 3.C. Supplementary tables and figures
	Notes
Chapter 4.  Family ties: How family reunification can impact migrant integration
	Introduction
	Main findings
	Motivation and context
	Descriptive evidence on the presence of migrants’ families
		Husbands tend to arrive with less delay than wives
	Review of existing literature
	Challenges of measuring the role of family in integration
		Focusing on long-term effects of delays in spouse arrival
	The role of spouses in long-term integration outcomes
		Delay in spouse arrival is associated with lower wages for the principal migrant in the long-term
		Further evidence points to a causal effect on the principal migrant’s wages
		Estimated long-term effects on the principal migrant’s employment probability are positive but limited
		Effects of delays on principal migrants’ language proficiency are not detected
	Medium and long-term effects of delayed arrival on spouses
		The path of integration can differ considerably for late-arriving spouses
	Age at time of immigration and long-term integration outcomes of migrant children
		Findings of adverse long-term effects from arriving at later age generalise
	The role of parents in migrant integration outcomes
		By taking care of grandchildren, migrants’ parents can facilitate employment
	Conclusions and policy implications
	Notes
	References
	Database references
Chapter 5.  Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies
	Australia
	Austria
	Belgium
	Bulgaria
	Canada
	Chile
	Colombia
	Czech Republic
	Denmark
	Estonia
	Finland
	France
	Germany
	Greece
	Hungary
	Ireland
	Israel
	Italy
	Japan
	Korea
	Latvia
	Lithuania
	Luxembourg
	Mexico
	Netherlands
	New Zealand
	Norway
	Poland
	Portugal
	Romania
	Russian Federation
	Slovak Republic
	Slovenia
	Spain
	Sweden
	Switzerland
	Turkey
	United Kingdom
	United States
	Sources and notes of the country figures
		Foreign-born population
		Migration flows by country of citizenship and destination
		Long-term migration inflows of foreigners by type (standardised inflows)
		Temporary migration
		Inflows of asylum seekers
		Components of population growth
		Remittances
		Labour market outcomes
			Statistical annex
Statistical annex
List of the members of the OECD Expert Group on Migration
List of OECD Secretariat members involved in the preparation of this publication
	International Migration Division