International Migration Outlook 2018

001-002......Page 3
Foreword......Page 5
Editorial: Moving forward with a pragmatic and constructive co-operation agenda on international migration......Page 11
Main trends......Page 15
Labour market integration of immigrants......Page 16
Illegal employment of foreign workers......Page 17
Chapter 1.  Recent developments in international migration movements and policies......Page 19
Main findings......Page 20
Major changes in migration flows to OECD in 2017......Page 21
Permanent-type migration flows......Page 22
Temporary labour migration......Page 27
Trainees......Page 29
Intra-company transferees......Page 31
Intra-EU/EFTA posted workers......Page 32
Students......Page 34
Asylum seekers......Page 38
How large is the foreign-born population at the OECD?......Page 44
Countries of origin of new immigrants to the OECD......Page 45
Flows of migrant women......Page 49
Acquisition of citizenship......Page 50
Programmes for highly-skilled economic migrants continue to be adjusted…......Page 52
…while competition to facilitate migration of skilled workers continues......Page 53
Temporary skilled work schemes have also undergone revision......Page 54
…while shortage lists continue to be used......Page 55
Some new temporary and seasonal migration schemes are still being developed......Page 56
Entrepreneurs and investors are sought-after immigrants......Page 59
The effects of the “migration crisis” are still feeding policy development......Page 60
Tightening-up conditions of entry and stay continues......Page 61
The temporary expansion of resettlement quotas has largely subsided......Page 64
Changes in family-related policies reflect divergent approaches......Page 66
Border controls have been stepped up......Page 67
EU relations with Turkey and Libya......Page 68
…and they want international graduates to enter their labour markets......Page 69
The network of bilateral agreements continues to widen......Page 70
Youth mobility is seen positively......Page 71
Notes......Page 72
References......Page 73
Annex 1.A. Supplementary tables and figures......Page 75
Chapter 2.  Labour market outcomes of migrants and integration policies in OECD countries......Page 85
Main findings......Page 86
Recent changes in labour market outcomes of migrants in the OECD area......Page 87
Labour market outcomes of migrants in the OECD area continue to improve......Page 88
Migrants’ labour market outcomes differ substantially depending on region of origin......Page 92
Highly-educated, young and male migrants have benefited more from the recovery......Page 94
Those not in employment, education or training do not always seek a job......Page 96
Migrant employment has increased in specific sectors......Page 97
Migrants remain over-represented in low-skilled occupations......Page 101
The risk of over-qualification is greater for migrants......Page 105
Recent changes in integration policies in OECD countries......Page 107
…And participation in introduction measures is increasingly becoming obligatory......Page 108
Language training remains the key building block of integration training…......Page 109
Assessment of skills and recognition of formal qualifications continues to develop......Page 110
Validation of informally-acquired skills is increasingly used to orient integration advice and interventions......Page 111
Many OECD countries have developed measures targeted at the most vulnerable groups......Page 112
Migrants with limited skills often require increased support......Page 113
Unaccompanied minors face particular challenges......Page 114
Despite relatively poor labour market outcomes, policy initiatives targeted at migrant women remain rare......Page 115
There has been a trend towards limiting migrant access to benefits…......Page 116
…while some OECD countries have extended medical coverage or benefit entitlement to migrant groups previously not covered......Page 117
Naturalisation requirements increasingly emphasise integration outcomes rather than years of residency......Page 119
References......Page 120
Annex 2.A. Additional tables......Page 121
Chapter 3.  The contribution of recent refugee flows to the labour force......Page 133
Main findings......Page 134
Recent trends in humanitarian inflows towards European countries......Page 136
Economic impact: What do we know?......Page 138
Existing evidence on the labour market impact of humanitarian migration towards OECD countries......Page 140
The Indochinese refugee crisis, 1975-95......Page 141
Refugees of the 1990s Yugoslav Wars......Page 142
Syrian refugees in Turkey, 2011 - Present......Page 143
Basic hypotheses and data......Page 144
Refugee admissions over time......Page 146
Country-specific participation and employment rates......Page 147
Distribution of educational attainment of refugees......Page 148
Projections for 2018-20......Page 149
Refugees in the working-age population......Page 150
Refugees in the labour force......Page 154
Employment and unemployment among refugees......Page 157
Rejected asylum seekers......Page 161
Family members of refugees......Page 163
Conclusion......Page 165
Notes......Page 166
References......Page 168
Annex 3.A. Supplementary figures......Page 171
Chapter 4.  Addressing the illegal employment of foreign workers......Page 173
Introduction......Page 174
Main findings......Page 175
What are we talking about?......Page 176
Fine tuning foreign workers’ profiles: histories and trajectories......Page 178
What drives the illegal employment of foreign workers?......Page 179
Measurement issues......Page 180
Partial indications of trends......Page 182
Workers’ characteristics: Gender, age, skills and country of origin......Page 185
Sectors and occupations......Page 189
Analysing findings from Lombardy......Page 190
Insights into integration......Page 192
Reducing informal employment......Page 193
Border control and in countries detections......Page 194
Creating legal migration channels in certain sectors......Page 195
Enhancing compliance and workplace enforcement: Prevent, detect and sanction......Page 196
Encouraging the use of status verification systems......Page 197
Ensuring effective and adequate inspections......Page 200
Making employer sanctions more effective......Page 205
Conclusions......Page 208
Notes......Page 209
References......Page 212
Annex 4.A. Supplementary tables and figures......Page 217
Chapter 5.  Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies......Page 221
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Naturalisations......Page 298
Labour market outcomes......Page 299
Statistical annex......Page 301
General comments......Page 302
List of the members of the OECD Expert Group on Migration......Page 415
International Migration Division......Page 417
999......Page 418