International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization: Historical and Recent Experiences

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 16
One Introduction......Page 18
1.1 International Migration: Incentives and Drive Face Barriers......Page 20
a. People Are Now Migrating Internationally in Patterns that Differ from Historical Patterns......Page 21
b. Free Immigration Has Evolved into Visas, Walls, Deportation......Page 23
a. Critical Theme I: Why Is International Migration 
Such a Contentious Issue and Internal Consensus So Difficult to Reach?......Page 25
b. Critical Theme II: Migration Flows Have Flourished in Periods of Capital Mobility and Globalization, and Have Declined in Periods of Crisis and Economic and Political Nationalism......Page 26
c. Critical Theme III: Migration as a Consequence and Mitigation of Income Disparities in Our Global Society......Page 27
d. Critical Theme IV: Are Goods and Capital More Important in Globalization than People?......Page 28
e. Critical Theme V: Why Are Talented Elites More Internationally Mobile than Workers?......Page 29
f. Critical Theme VI: Don’t Always “Blame” the North: International Migration Is also a Response to Economic and Political Failures in the South......Page 32
g. Critical Theme VII: The Rise of Irregular Migration and the Fragmentation of Global Labor Markets......Page 34
h. Critical Theme VIII: A Multilateral Framework for Regulating International Migration?......Page 35
1.3 Setting the Stage: A Brief Tour of the Book......Page 36
Two Why People Move or Stay Put: International Migration Is the Result of Compelling and Conflicting Factors......Page 39
2.2 People Need to Make More Money for Their Families: Remittances That Are Sent Back Home......Page 44
2.3 Immigrants Want a Better Standard of Living: Social Services, Safe Communities, Healthy Environment, and Overall Security......Page 45
2.4 Communal “Ties” May Precede Economics in the Decision to Migrate......Page 47
2.5 Beyond National Comparisons: Buoyant Cities and Mega-Regions Attract Migrants......Page 48
2.6 Economic and Financial Crises in Developing and Wealthy Nations Are a Macroeconomic Catalyst for Migration Flows......Page 49
2.7 Political Instability, Civil War, and the Dissolution of Empires Force or Compel People to Migrate......Page 51
a. Recent History Provides Compelling Examples of Political Migration......Page 52
2.8 Why People Might Not Migrate: Migration Entails Financial, Family, and Social Costs......Page 55
2.9 Concluding Remarks about Why People Migrate......Page 56
Three What Happens When International Migration Happens? The Dilemmas Posed by Migration......Page 58
3.1 Dilemma I: Illegal Migration – A Conflict between Economic Logic and the Law? Does Economic Logic also Conflict with Immigrants’ Rights?......Page 59
a. How Effective Are Immigration Restrictions?......Page 63
b. All Immigrants Face a Marginalizing Set of Rights......Page 64
3.2 Dilemma II: Does a Country Export People or Import Capital? Or Do People and Capital Move in Tandem?......Page 66
a. Instability......Page 68
b. Economic Opportunity......Page 69
c. Natural Resources......Page 71
a. The Magnitude and Speed of Wage Convergence across Countries Will Depend on the Size of Migration......Page 72
3.4 Dilemma IV: Does Immigration Boost Economic Growth in Destination Countries?......Page 76
3.5 Dilemma V: Does Emigration Retard Growth in Origin Countries? Brain-Drain Effects......Page 77
3.6 Dilemma VI: Are Remittances the Only Benefit 
of “Exported” People for the Origin Country? Or Can a Brain Drain Ultimately Have Positive Effects?......Page 80
a. At a Macroeconomic Level, Remittances from Migrants Are Currently a Growing and Relatively Stable, Market-Based “External” Source of Developmental Financing......Page 83
3.7 The New Developmental Effects of Migratory Talent Can Supersede the “Brain Drain” If Return Migration and Diaspora Contacts Are Present......Page 85
a. Return Migration Is Not Yet a Guarantee......Page 88
b. Depredatory Migration: The Medical Brain Drain......Page 89
c. Brain Circulation: The Case of International Students......Page 91
3.8 Concluding Remarks about What Happens 
when People Migrate......Page 93
Four How Empires, Policy Regimes, and Economic Imperatives Influenced the Mobility of Capital and People in the 20th Century......Page 95
4.2 1870–1914: Economic Liberalism in the Era of Empires Propelled the First Wave of Globalization for Labor and Capital Markets......Page 103
4.3 Global Capital Markets Moved Freely, Expanding Global Commerce and Transactions......Page 105
a. London Was the World’s Financial Center......Page 106
4.4 Capital Flows Drove Labor Flows......Page 107
4.5 Migration Patterns to Resource-Rich, Higher-Wage Countries: Who They Were and Why They Migrated......Page 110
a. Liberal Immigration Policies and Politics Gradually 
Became More Restrictive toward the End of the Period, Affecting Migration Patterns......Page 115
a. Global Capital Markets Were Disrupted......Page 118
b. A Backlash against Globalization Restricted Immigration Flows but Did Drive Political Migration......Page 120
4.7 Rising Nationalism Was an Important Determinant of Migration Flows during the Period......Page 122
4.8 1945–1971/73: Reconstruction and the Bretton Woods Era Brought Stability to Incipient Capital Mobility and Provided a Basis for Accelerating Immigration in Today’s World......Page 125
4.10 Capital Flows in the Second Wave of Globalization Have a Different Direction, Composition, and Origin than in the First Wave......Page 127
a. Managed Migration Has Yielded to Growing Pressures for People’s Mobility......Page 130
4.11 Concluding Remarks about the Historical Analysis of Capital and Labor Mobility......Page 132
Five Latin America: Where Volatile Economic Development, ­Political Crises, Poverty, and Remittance Income Is a ­Laboratory for Studying the Determinants of International Migration......Page 134
5.1 The Developmental Gaps between Latin America and Europe and the New World Have Reversed since the 19th Century......Page 137
a. Argentina in Focus: The Country Has Reversed Its Course from Massive European Immigration to Emigration to Europe......Page 140
b. Emigration from Latin America Is Outpacing Immigration in the Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries......Page 142
c. Emigration from Latin America and the Caribbean Is Primarily to One Destination County – the United States......Page 145
5.2 The Socio-demographic Characteristics of Latin American Migration: Women and Educated Persons Are Two Prominent Groups......Page 148
5.3 The Emigration of Elites: The Disproportionate Numbers Beg for Action from the Global Community......Page 152
5.4 The Determinants of Migration to, from, and within Latin America Mirror Those throughout the Developing World......Page 155
a. Developmental Gaps Are Persistent in Latin America......Page 156
b. Growth Crises and Financial Crises Are Endemic in Latin America......Page 159
c. Political Crises and Internal Violence Are also Serious in Latin America......Page 160
5.5 Remittances in Latin America: The Money Emigrants Send Back Home Is a Prominent Source of Financing for the Domestic Economies of Origin Countries......Page 163
a. Remittances Affect Economic Development in Latin America in Diverse Ways......Page 166
b. Remittances Are Used for Current Spending, Durable Goods Purchases, and Education......Page 168
c. Remittances Seem to Reduce Poverty, but Evidence Is Mixed on the Extent to which They Do So......Page 169
5.6 Concluding Remarks about the Latin American Experience......Page 172
Six Who Migrates and What They Offer: A Focus on People and Elites with Talent, Knowledge, and Entrepreneurial Skills......Page 174
6.2 The Value of Talent and the Value of Political Connections – Each Has Economic Rewards to Elites......Page 178
6.3 Inside the Talented Elite: A Variety of International Market Destinations Exist for Different Types of Talent......Page 180
a. Where Productive Talent Moves......Page 181
b. Scientific Talent: Where Academics, Scientists, and International Students Move......Page 184
c. Where Health and Cultural Talent Moves......Page 185
d. Mobility in International Public Organizations......Page 187
6.4 The International Market for Talent Is Characterized by a Concentration of Rewards among a Few......Page 189
a. Winners-Take-All Market Theory in Talent Markets......Page 190
6.5 Talent Concentrates in the North because the Costs Are as Attractive as Its Rewards......Page 191
b. The Concentration of Talent, Capital, and Technology Can Reach a Critical Mass......Page 192
c. Driving Away Talented Elites Are the Costs of Doing Business, Distorted Rewards, and Rent-Seeking in Origin Countries......Page 193
d. Special Immigration Policies Can Attract Foreign Talent......Page 196
6.6 The Return Flow: Concentration in the North, Talent Circulation and Outsourcing......Page 199
6.7 Empirical Evidence Shows that Talented Elites 
Will Be Going to Economies that Are at the Top of the Developmental Ladder......Page 201
6.8 The Use of Talent Is Another Way to Look at Its Distribution in the Global Economy......Page 202
a. The Number of Nobel Prizes in the Sciences Is Another Measure......Page 203
6.9 A Much More Even Distribution of International Talent Is Devoted to Culture and the Arts......Page 204
6.10 Concluding Remarks about the Mobility of Talented Elites......Page 205
Seven A Fair and Orderly International Migration Process Requires a Global Social Contract......Page 207
7.1 Recap of Some of the Main Themes......Page 209
7.2 Where Do We Go from Here?......Page 213
7.3 The Institutional Vacuum Should Be Filled – What 
an International Organization Can (and Can’t) Do......Page 220
References......Page 224
Index......Page 232