International Migration and Economic Development (World Bank Trade and Development Series)

Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 13
Contributors......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Abbreviations......Page 19
Overview......Page 21
1 Quantifying International Migration: A Database of Bilateral Migrant Stocks......Page 37
2 The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household Surveys......Page 79
3 Does Work Migration Spur Investment in Origin Communities? Entrepreneurship, Schooling, and Child Health in Rural Pakistan......Page 119
4 Entrepreneurship, Labor Markets, and International Remittances: Evidence from El Salvador......Page 161
5 The Demographic Benefit of International Migration: A Hypothesis and Its Application to Middle Eastern and North African Contexts......Page 181
6 Immigration Incentives and Policy in Switzerland......Page 203
7 The Impact of an Ex-Ante Job Offer Requirement on Labor Migration: The New Zealand-Tongan Experience......Page 235
8 Returns to Overseas Work Experience: The Case of Egypt......Page 255
9 Foreign-Born Migration to and from Norway......Page 279
INDEX......Page 311
1.1 Bilateral Migration Stocks......Page 57
1.2 Source Country Shares of Certain Destination Regions......Page 58
1.3 Destinations of Emigrants from Source Regions......Page 59
1.4 Migration and Common Language......Page 62
1.5 Migrants and Distance......Page 66
2.1 Remittances to Latin America in 2004......Page 85
2.2 Share of Households Receiving Remittances......Page 87
2.3 Households Receiving Remittances by Quintile of the Distribution of Nonremittances Income......Page 89
2.4 Average Years of Education for Adults Age 22 to 65......Page 105
2.5 Differences in School Enrollment Rates for 12–17 Year Olds by Remittances Recipient Status......Page 106
2.6 Anthropometric Measures for Children Age one to five, by Remittances Recipient Status: Guatemala......Page 113
2.7 Anthropometric Measures for Children Age one to five, by Remittances Recipient Status: Nicaragua......Page 114
3A.1 Enrollment and Dropout Rates, by Age and Wealth......Page 157
3A.2 Gender Differences in Child Labor, by Age......Page 158
3A.3 Gender Differences in Child Labor, by Wealth......Page 159
4.1 El Salvador, International Migrant Remittances Flows, 1978–2004......Page 165
5.1 A Framework of the Impact of International Migration on Birth Rates......Page 185
5.2 Migration and Fertility in the Middle East and North Africa at the Time of Maximum Variation in Fertility......Page 190
5.3 Remittances and Birth Rates in Egypt......Page 193
5.4 Remittances and Birth Rates in Morocco......Page 194
5.6 Emigration and the Fertility Transition by Province in Morocco......Page 195
5.3 Correlation Coefficients Among Emigration, Education, and Fertility in Egypt,Morocco, and Turkey......Page 196
6.1 Level of Permanent Foreign Population and Unemployment Rate......Page 207
6.3 Total Inflow and Outflow of Foreign Permanent Residents......Page 209
6.4 Shares of Inflow of Permanent Residents by Motives......Page 212
6.5 Distribution of Immigrants from Some Regions of Origin......Page 215
9.1 Immigration to Norway, 1967–2003......Page 282
9.2 Immigrant Flows to Norway, by Gender......Page 286
9.3 Fraction of Immigrants Remaining in Norway, by Gender......Page 289
9.4 Fraction of Immigrants Remaining in Norway, by Gender and Region of Origin......Page 291
9.5 Kernel Density Plots of Duration until Reimmigration......Page 306
1.1 Who Qualifies as a Migrant?......Page 40
1.2 Disparities between the Foreign Born and Foreign Migrants in Portugal......Page 41
1.3 New Caledonia Migrant Split on the Basis of Population Shares for Melanesia......Page 45
1.4 Population Splits......Page 46
1.5 Propensity Shares for “Other Oceania” Split for Portugal......Page 51
1.6 Database Versions......Page 52
1.7 Share of Migrant Population in Total and from/to Neighboring Country......Page 54
1.8 Percentage of World Migrants Recorded as a Bilateral Movement between Pairs of Countries/Regions......Page 56
1.9 Migration Intensity Measures......Page 61
1.10 Migration and Language:Migration Intensity Measures......Page 63
1.11 Average Distance between Original and Destination Countries......Page 65
1.12 Average Difference in GNI Per Capita between Original and Destination Countries......Page 67
2.1 Household Surveys Used......Page 86
2.2 Two-Step Estimates of Nonrecipient Households’ Income......Page 93
2.3 Two-Step Estimates of Nonrecipient Households’ Income: First-Step Results of Auxiliary Regressions......Page 95
2.4 Impact of Remittances on Headcount Poverty......Page 98
2.5 Impact of Remittances on Headcount Poverty......Page 99
2.6 Impact of Remittances on Headcount Poverty......Page 100
2.7 Impact of Remittances on Headcount Poverty......Page 101
2.8 Access to Remittances and Children’s Education: OLS......Page 107
2.9 Remittances and Children’s Education by Mother’s Education......Page 109
2.10 Remittances and Health Outcomes......Page 115
3.1 Migration and Household Structure......Page 128
3.2 Impact of Return Migration on Household Investment in Nonfarm Enterprises......Page 132
3.3 Impact of Return Migration on Household Investment in Farm Assets......Page 133
3.4 Impact of Return Migration on the Purchase of Agricultural Land......Page 134
3.5 Impact of Migration on Schooling and Child Labor......Page 139
3.6 Child Schooling in Migrant Households......Page 144
3.7 Impact of Migration on Child Growth......Page 148
3A.1 Migrants’ Region of Origin and Destination......Page 155
3A.2 Determinants of Migration and Return Migration......Page 156
4.1 Descriptive Differences by Remittances Recipient Status, 2000 Household Survey......Page 167
4.2 Probit and Tobit Results for Labor Force Participation and Hours Worked, 2000 Household Survey......Page 170
4.3 IV Probit and 2SLS Results for Labor Force Participation and Hours Worked, 2000 Household Survey......Page 172
4.4 Probit and Tobit Results for Self-Employment and Business Ownership, 2000 Household Survey......Page 174
4.5 IV Probit Results for Self-Employment and Business Ownership, 2000 Household Survey......Page 176
5.1 Total Fertility Rates of Foreign Citizen Women Residing in France Compared with Women in Their Country of Origin and with French Women, Around 1980, 1990, and 2000......Page 187
5.2 Total Fertility Rates in 1999 Among Foreign Women Residing in France According to Date of Immigration......Page 188
5A.1 Estimation of Net Migration Using UN Sources—Example of Morocco, 1950–2000......Page 202
6.1 Quotas on One-Year and Seasonal Permits, November to October......Page 208
6.2 Composition of Foreign Labor Force......Page 211
6.3 Permanent Residents in Switzerland by Source Country......Page 217
6.4 Percent of Migrants from the Former Yugoslavia in Total Migrant Flow from All Countries......Page 219
6.5 Estimation of Inflow of Workers, 1981–95......Page 222
6.6 Estimation of Inflow of Workers, 1995–2003......Page 225
6A.2 Correlation Matrix, 23 Countries, 1995–2003......Page 232
6A.3 Characteristics of the Main Variables......Page 233
7.1 Motives for Wanting to Migrate Among Tongan PAC Ballot Entrants......Page 239
7.2 Percent with the Following Family Member Living in New Zealand at Time of Application......Page 240
7.3 Who Does the Policy Select to Migrate? Marginal Effects from Probit Estimation of Application and Migration Outcomes......Page 242
7.4 Do PAC Applicants Differ from Nonapplicants in Expected Response to Free Movement?......Page 244
7.5 Does the PAC Select Differently from Open Migration?......Page 245
7.6 What Methods Do Applicants Try to Find a Job Offer?......Page 247
7.7 What Succeeds? How Did the Migrants Get Their Job Offer?......Page 248
7.8 How Long Does It Take to Find a Job After Arriving......Page 249
7.9 Comparisons of Job Offers and Initial Jobs Before and After Policy Changes......Page 251
8.1 Summary Statistics......Page 260
8.2 Return Migrants’Occupations......Page 261
8.3 Occupation Transition Rates for Returnees......Page 262
8.4 Employment Status and Sector Employment of Return Migrants......Page 263
8.5 OLS Estimates of Log Real Hourly Wages......Page 266
8.6 Bivariate Probit Sample Selection Model—Stage 1: Total Sample......Page 268
8.7 Bivariate Probit Sample Selection Model—Stage 2: Waged Workers......Page 269
8.8 Predicted Average Log Real Hourly Wages......Page 271
8.10 Effect of Migration Duration on Predicted Average Log Real Hourly Wages of Return Migrants by Educational Level......Page 272
8.11 Effect of Overseas Occupation on Predicted Log Real Hourly Wages of Highly Educated Return Migrants......Page 273
9.1 Immigration to Norway, 1967–2003......Page 284
9.2 Out-migration Patterns for Immigrants from Selected Source Countries, 1967–2003......Page 287
9.3 Out-migration Patterns by Class of Admission, Non-OECD Immigrants......Page 292
9.4 Out-migration Patterns among Refugees from Bosnia and Kosovo......Page 294
9.5 Descriptive Statistics, Annual Migration Flows Data......Page 298
9.6 Determinants of Immigration Flows, Grouped Probit Regressions......Page 299
9.7 Determinants of Out-migration Flows, Grouped Probit Regressions......Page 302
9.8 Determinants of Migration Flows to Third Countries, Grouped Probit Regressions......Page 304
9.9 Determinants of Reimmigration Flows, Grouped Probit Regressions......Page 307