International Justice Against Impunity: Progress And New Challenges

900414451X......Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
FOREWORD......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 12
The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals......Page 14
The Human Rights Regime......Page 16
Mixed National/International Tribunals......Page 17
The International Criminal Court......Page 18
Notes......Page 19
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 21
LIST OF PRESENTATIONS......Page 22
1  THE WEAKNESSES OF NATIONAL JUSTICE......Page 24
North Korea: Kim Jong Il......Page 26
Uganda: Idi Amin Dada Oumee......Page 27
Indonesia: Generals Suharto and Wiranto......Page 28
Military Regimes in Latin America......Page 29
Chile: Augusto Pinochet......Page 30
Progress in Argentina......Page 31
Progress in Mexico......Page 32
Criminal Justice in Democratic Countries......Page 33
French amnesties and amnesia......Page 34
The US in Vietnam: unwilling military justice......Page 35
Justice denied: the Guantanamo detainees......Page 36
The position of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)......Page 38
The Third Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949......Page 39
Military commissions......Page 40
Releases from Guantanamo......Page 41
Authorized torture revealed......Page 42
The Supreme Court decisions of 28 June 2004......Page 43
Assessment......Page 46
A Test Case: the Trial of Saddam Hussein......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 49
Notes......Page 51
2  UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 56
Implementation of the Principle......Page 57
War crimes......Page 59
Crimes against humanity......Page 60
Genocide......Page 61
Torture......Page 63
Belgium......Page 64
Spain......Page 66
USA......Page 67
France......Page 71
Universal Jurisdiction: a Flawed Doctrine?......Page 72
Conclusion......Page 73
Notes......Page 76
Common Traits between the Two Generations of Tribunals......Page 80
Differences between the Two Generations of Tribunals......Page 81
The Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia......Page 82
The objectives of the Tribunal......Page 83
Mandate and structure......Page 84
The Work of the Tribunal......Page 86
A new strategy......Page 88
Plea-bargaining......Page 89
‘Big fish’ before the Tribunal......Page 92
Sentencing guidelines......Page 95
Cooperation by governments......Page 96
Conclusion......Page 97
Notes......Page 100
The Context......Page 104
Mandate and Structure......Page 106
The removal of Carla del Ponte......Page 107
Rwanda’s Relations with the Tribunal......Page 108
A slow process......Page 110
The Tribunal’s strategy......Page 111
Achievements......Page 114
National Justice......Page 116
The gacaca courts......Page 117
Conclusion......Page 119
Notes......Page 121
5  MIXED NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS......Page 124
Historical background......Page 125
The creation of an independent Special Court......Page 127
The Statute of the Court......Page 128
The Court’s beginnings......Page 131
The Court’s decisions in 2004......Page 132
Relationship with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission......Page 137
Assessment......Page 138
Historical background......Page 140
The first political trials......Page 141
Towards a mixed national-international tribunal......Page 142
The Agreement......Page 146
Assessment......Page 149
East Timor (now Timor Leste): the Serious Crimes Unit......Page 150
Conclusion......Page 152
Notes......Page 154
6  THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT......Page 158
The Origins......Page 162
Status of the Court......Page 164
Structure of the Court......Page 165
The crimes......Page 167
Prosecution......Page 168
Rights of the accused......Page 170
Rights of victims and witnesses......Page 171
Financing the Court......Page 172
The Preparatory Commission for the ICC......Page 173
The first session of the Assembly of States Parties......Page 174
The second session of the Assembly of States Parties......Page 182
The third session of the Assembly of the States Parties......Page 183
Uganda......Page 184
The Democratic Republic of Congo......Page 185
Central African Republic......Page 186
Conclusion......Page 187
Notes......Page 189
Friendly states......Page 192
UN organizations and secretariat heads......Page 194
European Union......Page 196
Parliamentarian groups and other regional organizations......Page 197
The International Committee of the Red Cross......Page 199
Other non-governmental organizations......Page 200
The USA, Russia and China......Page 201
The American crusade against the Court......Page 202
Bilateral agreements......Page 203
Opposition to the Bilateral Agreements......Page 204
The Security Council resolutions......Page 206
US objections to the ICC – and rebuttal......Page 210
Will Russia ratify the Statute?......Page 213
Conclusion......Page 215
Notes......Page 217
8  INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS AND THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE......Page 222
Issues in the Tadic Case......Page 224
Concurrent Procedures before the ICJ and the International Criminal Tribunals......Page 225
The interlocutory appeal of Zoran Zigic......Page 226
Criminal responsibility of senior officials......Page 228
The binding force of international tribunals’ judgments......Page 230
Conclusion......Page 231
Notes......Page 232
9  CONCLUSION......Page 236
International Justice......Page 237
The first generation of international criminal tribunals: Nuremberg and Tokyo......Page 238
The second generation: Yugoslavia and Rwanda......Page 239
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)......Page 240
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)......Page 241
The International Criminal Court......Page 243
Notes......Page 246
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 248
INDEX......Page 252