International Human Rights Law: Cases, Materials, Commentary

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
European Commission and Court of Human Rights (numerical )......Page 13
European Commission and Court of Human Rights (alphabetical)......Page 23
European Court of Justice (numerical )......Page 33
European Court of Justice (alphabetical)......Page 34
Human Rights Committee......Page 35
Inter-American Court of Human Rights......Page 37
International Court of Justice......Page 38
Permanent Court of International Justice......Page 39
Canada......Page 40
India......Page 41
United Kingdom......Page 42
United States......Page 43
Table of Treaties and Conventions......Page 46
Declarations......Page 62
Rules of Procedure 9.21......Page 63
Statutes......Page 64
Table of Comments and Recommendations of Various International Committees......Page 65
Presentation......Page 67
International humanitarian law......Page 69
The rights of minorities......Page 71
International labour rights......Page 73
Acknowledgments......Page 74
Part I The Sources......Page 75
INTRODUCTION......Page 77
1 THE UNIVERSAL LEVEL: THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS......Page 78
2.1 The Council of Europe and human rights......Page 86
2.2 The Organization of American States and human rights......Page 88
2.3 The African Union and human rights......Page 94
3 THE EMERGING JUS COMMUNE OF HUMAN RIGHTS......Page 97
4 HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AS PART OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 114
(a) Human rights in the UN Charter......Page 115
(b) Human rights as part of customary international law......Page 116
(c) Human rights as general principles of law......Page 119
(d) The significance of human rights as part of general international law......Page 121
4.2. Human rights in the hierarchy of international law......Page 125
(a) The arguments in favour of hierarchy......Page 126
(b) Human rights as jus cogens norms......Page 130
(c) Serious breaches of jus cogens norms......Page 153
4.3 The erga omnes character of human rights obligations......Page 155
4.4 Human rights treaties as non-contractual in nature......Page 160
4.5 Reservations to human rights treaties......Page 162
(a) The regime of reservations in international law......Page 163
(b) Reservations in the Inter-American and European systems......Page 169
(c) From regional to universal human rights treaties: the doctrine of the Human Rights Committee......Page 175
Introduction......Page 189
1.1 Occupied foreign territory......Page 191
1.2 The inability of the State to control all the national territory......Page 198
2.1 The responsibility of States for the activities of State agents operating outside the national borders......Page 208
2.2 The obligation of States to protect human rights beyond the national territory......Page 228
2.3 The obligation of international assistance and co-operation......Page 238
2.4 Human rights and development......Page 244
3.1 Deportation cases......Page 260
3.2 The execution of foreign judgments......Page 276
4.1 The general regime......Page 282
4.2 The specific character of the UN Charter and of UN Security Council Resolutions......Page 299
Part II The Substantive Obligations......Page 305
Introduction......Page 307
1.1 Obligations to respect, to protect and to fulfil......Page 308
1.2 Availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability......Page 319
2.1 The absolute character of the prohibition of torture in ‘ticking bomb’ situations......Page 323
(a) The principle......Page 328
(b) Diplomatic assurances......Page 344
3.1 The acceptability of limitations on human rights......Page 354
3.2 The condition of legality......Page 359
3.3 The condition of legitimacy......Page 372
(a) The general principle......Page 379
(b) The importance of procedures for weighing all relevant interests......Page 382
(c) The importance of contextual assessments......Page 388
3.5 Case study: restrictions to freedom of religion in vestimentary codes......Page 393
Introduction......Page 431
1 The Imputability to the State of the Conduct of Non-State Actors and the Obligation to Protect......Page 432
1.1 The attribution to the State of acts committed by private entities......Page 433
(a) Before UN human rights treaty bodies......Page 445
(b) Before regional courts......Page 450
2.1 The principle......Page 465
2.2 An obligation of means......Page 480
2.3 The limits of the obligation to protect......Page 481
2.4 Human rights in contractual relationships and the question of waiver of rights......Page 495
(a) Affirming the priority of the obligation to respect over the obligation to protect......Page 512
(b) Deferring to the evaluation of other authorities......Page 513
(c) Developing judicial techniques that can solve conflicts between rights: ‘practical concordance’ and beyond......Page 519
INTRODUCTION......Page 527
1 THE PRINCIPLE......Page 528
2.1 Framework laws......Page 532
2.2 National strategies and action plans......Page 538
3 INDICATORS AND BENCH MARKS......Page 545
3.1 General considerations on the role of indicators in human rights monitoring......Page 547
3.2 The use of indicators by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the IBSA methodology for monitoring compliance with economic and social rights......Page 558
3.3 Indicators in the Inter-American system......Page 562
4 MEASURING THE OBLIGATION OF PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION......Page 566
Introduction......Page 579
1.1 What is a public emergency threatening the life of the nation?......Page 583
1.2	The need for an official proclamation of a state of emergency......Page 593
2 SECOND CONDITION:......Page 596
3 THIRD CONDITION:......Page 613
4 FOURTH CONDITION: COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS......Page 617
5 FIFTH CONDITION: RIGHTS WHICH ARE NOT SUBJECT TO DEROGATION......Page 619
6 SIXTH CONDITION:......Page 624
INTRODUCTION......Page 627
1.1 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights......Page 628
1.2 The European Convention on Human Rights......Page 637
1.3 The European Social Charter......Page 641
2 THE RANGE OF STATES’ OBLIGATIONS......Page 642
2.1 Equality before the law......Page 643
2.2 Equal protection of the law......Page 662
(a) Sex......Page 663
(b) Religious or philosophical conviction......Page 664
(c) Sexual orientation......Page 667
(d) Nationality......Page 671
2.3 The legal prohibition of discrimination......Page 678
2.4 The guarantee of an effective protection against discrimination......Page 689
3.1 Direct and indirect discrimination......Page 691
3.2 Reasonable accommodation......Page 706
(a) The notion of positive action or ‘temporary special measures......Page 711
(b) The contribution of temporary special measures to the promotion of equality......Page 714
(c) The compatibility of temporary special measures with the non-discrimination requirement......Page 728
4 SYSTEMATIZING ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW......Page 740
(a) General principles......Page 747
(b) The internal and external dimensions of self-determination......Page 753
(c) The lack of justiciability of the right to self-determination in the context of individual communications......Page 760
5.2 Minority rights......Page 769
(a) The direct route: the explicit protection of rights of minorities......Page 770
(b) The indirect route: the protection of the rights of minorities and the right to respect forprivate and family life......Page 780
PART III The Mechanisms of Protection......Page 793
Introduction......Page 795
1.1 The general requirement to provide effective remedies......Page 797
(a) Challenges to the justiciability of social and economic rights......Page 806
(b) Answers to these challenges......Page 808
(c) The justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights: conceptual guidance......Page 811
1.3 Social and economic rights before national courts......Page 817
2 NON-JUDICIAL MECHANISMS......Page 837
2.1 The role of preventive mechanisms in general......Page 838
2.2 Human rights impact assessments......Page 844
2.3 The role of national human rights institutions......Page 846
2.4 Mainstreaming human rights......Page 853
Introduction......Page 857
1.1 The objectives of State reporting......Page 859
1.2 The role of non-governmental organizations......Page 865
1.3 The problem of overdue or lacking reports......Page 867
2 Individual Communications......Page 871
2.1 The ‘ratione temporis’ rule......Page 874
2.2 The ‘victim’ requirement......Page 879
2.3 The exhaustion of local remedies......Page 885
2.4 Non-duplication with other international procedures......Page 891
3 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FINDINGS OF UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY BODIES......Page 897
3.1 The follow-up of Concluding Observations......Page 898
3.2 The implementation of decisions (views) adopted on the basis of individual communications......Page 907
4 THE REFORM OF THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES SYSTEM......Page 911
Introduction......Page 921
1 The Establishment of The Human Rights Council......Page 922
2 The Complaints Mechanism......Page 932
3 The Universal Periodic Review......Page 936
4.1 The origins and diversity of the special procedures of the Human Rights Council......Page 947
4.2 The selection of mandate-holders of special procedures of the Human Rights Council......Page 950
4.3 The code of conduct for special procedures of the Human Rights Council......Page 951
(a) Communications......Page 957
(b) Country visits......Page 959
(c) Annual reports......Page 960
Introduction......Page 963
1.1 The original system: before Protocol No. 11 restructuring the control machinery of the European Convention on Human Rights......Page 965
(a) The admissibility phase......Page 967
(b) The merits phase and the supervision of the execution of judgments......Page 969
(c) Treating large-scale violations: the ‘pilot’ judgments......Page 974
(d) Co-operation in the execution of judgments......Page 979
2.1 The powers of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights......Page 987
(a) The advisory function......Page 993
(b) Individual petitions......Page 996
2.3 The approach of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights......Page 1011
3 THE AFRICAN SYSTEM OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN AND PEOPLES ’ RIGHTS......Page 1013
(a) Promoting human and peoples’ rights......Page 1014
(c) Protecting human and peoples’ rights......Page 1015
3.2 The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights......Page 1019
Index of Keywords......Page 1022