International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime

front-matter1......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 2
Copyright Page\r......Page 3
Table of Contents\r......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 13
front-matter2......Page 15
1 Beyond Macro- and Micro-Levels of Analysis, Organizations, and the Cultural Fix......Page 16
Causes of Individual Crime and Deviance: The Covert Debate......Page 18
Situated Action: Institutions, Agency, and the Macro–Meso–Micro-Connection......Page 19
Situated Action: The Empirical and Conceptual Foundation in White-Collar Crime\r......Page 21
The Cultural Fix and The Normalization of Deviance......Page 23
The Connection Between Causes and Strategies for Control......Page 26
Endnotes......Page 30
References......Page 34
2 Understanding Corporate Lawbreaking: From Profit Seeking to Law Finding......Page 38
Matters of Method......Page 39
Causes and Conditions of Corporate Lawbreaking......Page 40
Business Rationality and Legal Compliance......Page 41
Corporations, Culture, and Choice......Page 44
Law and Lawbreaking......Page 49
Endnotes......Page 53
References......Page 58
3 Attributing Responsibility for Organizational Wrongdoing......Page 63
Lessons from the Pinto and Challenger Cases......Page 64
Willfulness and Organizational Wrongdoing......Page 69
A Four-Step Model of Attributing Responsibility for Organizational Wrongdoing......Page 72
Step 1: The Social Construction of Facts and Norms......Page 73
Actor Characteristics......Page 76
Organizational/Institutional Context of Action......Page 78
Step 3: Audience Characteristics......Page 79
Conclusion......Page 81
Endnotes......Page 82
References......Page 85
04......Page 91
Definitional Nets......Page 92
Class and Respectability......Page 94
Interpersonal and Cultural Correlates......Page 96
Class, Culture and Criminogenesis......Page 99
Competition......Page 100
Entitlement......Page 103
Crime Constructions......Page 104
Beyond Generative Worlds......Page 105
References......Page 106
2 Because They Can Motivations and Intent of White-Collar Criminals......Page 109
League of Gentlemen: Business Crimes as “SOP” (Standard Operating Procedure)......Page 112
Condemning the Condemners: The Van der Valks Take on the Regulators......Page 113
Opportunistic and Predatory Deviance: The Savings and Loan Scandals......Page 115
Mega-Fraud at the Top......Page 116
Lone Trader: Sliding Down the Slippery Slope at Barings......Page 118
EyesWide Shut: The “Split Personality” Company......Page 121
When Corporate Strategy Kills: Great Western Railways and the Southall Train Crash\r......Page 122
Pushing the Boundaries: The Guinness Affair......Page 126
Conclusion......Page 129
Endnotes......Page 130
References......Page 132
07......Page 134
Introduction: “Knowing” About Corporateand White-Collar Crimes......Page 135
Taking the University to Market......Page 137
Criminology and “Power”......Page 140
Researching Corporate and White-Collar Crime in an Era of Neo-Liberalism?\r......Page 143
Regulating Funding: The Construction of Feasible Enquiry......Page 144
Regulating “Access”: Power, Control, Exclusion......Page 145
Disseminating Research on the Crimes of the Powerful......Page 147
Conclusion: Researching Corporate and White-Collar Crime in an Era of Neo-Liberalism\r......Page 149
Endnotes......Page 151
References......Page 153
2 An Age of Miracles?1......Page 158
Endnotes......Page 166
References......Page 170
E. H. Sutherland and the Discovery of White-Collar Crime: Traditional Roots and a Modern Context......Page 173
Contemporary White-Collar Crime Criminologists and a Globalized Framework\r......Page 174
On the Concept of White-Collar Crime and a Typology of White-Collar Crime......Page 175
White-Collar Crime in a Postmodern World......Page 176
White-Collar Crime in a Globalized World......Page 178
The Role of the World Bank in a Global Economy......Page 180
The World Bank and Crimes of Globalization......Page 181
The Significance of the Global Justice Movement for White-Collar Crime\r......Page 183
Concluding Observations: New Challenges for White-Collar Crime Scholars......Page 185
Endnotes......Page 186
References......Page 189
11......Page 195
Can a Corporation be a Criminal?......Page 196
Frequency......Page 197
A Short History of Corporate Crime in America......Page 198
Waves of Disclosures, Reforms, and Backsliding......Page 199
The U.S. Sentencing Commission......Page 201
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)......Page 203
Education as a Preventive Measure......Page 204
Endnotes......Page 206
References......Page 207
Power and Crime in Historical Context......Page 209
Crime and Criminological Consciousness......Page 211
Elite Crime and Criminology......Page 212
State-Corporate Crime: Origins And Development......Page 216
Toward a Theory of State-Corporate Crime......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 221
Endnotes......Page 222
References......Page 224
14......Page 229
1 A Normative Approach to White-Collar Crime......Page 230
Three Kinds of Moral Content......Page 231
Some Generalizations About the Moral Content of White-Collar Crime......Page 233
The Harms and Victims of White-Collar Crime......Page 234
The Concept of Fraud......Page 236
Fraud as a White-Collar Crime......Page 238
The Deceit Element in Fraud......Page 239
Insider Trading......Page 240
Assessing the Moral Content of Insider Trading......Page 241
Insider Trading as Cheating......Page 244
Conclusion......Page 245
Endnotes......Page 246
References......Page 251
Cases cited......Page 253
Legislation cited......Page 254
The Argument......Page 255
The Legal Architecture of the Corporation I—Romance and Reality......Page 258
Romance......Page 259
Reality......Page 262
The Legal Architecture of the Corporation II—Incentives and Deviance......Page 268
Summary and a Question......Page 274
The Question......Page 275
Endnotes......Page 277
References......Page 281
Statutes......Page 285
Injecting Organizational Culpability into Federal Criminal Law: A Brief History......Page 286
Increasing Corporate Penalties......Page 287
The Impact of Organizational Culpability on Corporate Fines......Page 288
Extending the Impact of Organizational Culpability to Prosecutorial Discretion\r......Page 291
Shaping Criminal Investigations Through Prosecution Referral Standards......Page 292
Implementing Corporate Culpability Assessments Through Deferred Prosecution Agreements......Page 293
Criteria for Recognizing Low Organizational Culpability: Features of a Reasonable Compliance Program......Page 294
General Criteria for an Effective Program......Page 295
The Nature of Due Diligence in Organizational Law Compliance Efforts......Page 296
Corporations as Public Trustees Regarding the Prevention and Detection of Internal Crimes......Page 297
An Agency Analysis of Criminal Law Enforcement Through Corporate Trustees......Page 298
Demands for Private Policing in Corporate Organizations......Page 299
Altered Managerial Relationships Following Internalization of Corporate Law Enforcement......Page 300
Limits on Corporate Criminal Liability......Page 303
Cultural Impediments to Compliance Program Features......Page 304
Corporate Compliance Systems......Page 305
Developing Compliance Program Criteria Based on General Management Tools......Page 306
Conclusion......Page 307
Endnotes......Page 308
References......Page 311
18......Page 314
1 Gold-Collar Crime The Peculiar Complexities and Ambiguities of War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity, and Genocide......Page 315
A Catalog of Necessary Questions......Page 316
International Crimes and the Analogy with White-Collar and Corporate Crime......Page 318
Superior Responsibility......Page 322
Joint Criminal Enterprise......Page 324
Corporations, the State, and Commercial Enterprises......Page 325
Conclusion......Page 327
Endnotes......Page 329
References......Page 330
Cases......Page 332
1. Prosecuting Private Corporations as Social Entities......Page 333
2.2.1 The Social Movement Against Pollution at the Ashio Copper Mine......Page 334
2.2.3 The Movement During World War II......Page 335
3. Reactions to Damage Caused by Corporate Activities in the 1960s......Page 336
4.3. Finding the Cause of Minamata Disease......Page 337
4.5. The Victims’ Movement against Chisso......Page 338
4.8. Corporate Criminal Responsibility......Page 339
4.10. Severe Sentence by Supreme Court......Page 340
5. Regulation of Environmental Pollution under Laws Enacted Since the Late 1960s......Page 341
6. Present Sanctions for Environmental Crimes......Page 342
7.2. Rescue and Research Immediately After an Accident......Page 343
7.5. Government Reaction to Kansai Electric Power......Page 344
8. Conclusion......Page 345
Endnotes......Page 347
References......Page 351
Art Theft......Page 353
Fraud in the Art Market......Page 355
The Illicit Traffic in Plundered Antiquities......Page 357
References......Page 362
Digital Technology as the Instrument of Crime......Page 364
Digital Technology as Incidental to the Crime......Page 365
White-Collar Crime Defined......Page 366
Computer Crime That Is Not White-Collar Crime......Page 367
Computer Crime That Is White-Collar Crime......Page 368
Organizational Complicity in Employee Crime......Page 370
Motivation......Page 372
Guardians......Page 373
Motivation......Page 374
Guardianship......Page 376
Cyber Trust......Page 377
References......Page 379
23......Page 382
1 From Pink to White with Various  Shades of Embezzlement: Women Who Commit White-Collar Crimes......Page 383
Challenging Masculine Theory and Practice......Page 385
The Queen of Mean......Page 387
Prisoner of Park Avenue......Page 390
The Domestic Diva......Page 391
Political, Professional, and Corporate Crime......Page 395
Pink and White Embezzlers......Page 397
Conclusions......Page 399
Endnotes......Page 400
Cases Cited......Page 408
2 The Itching Palm: The Crimes of Bribery and Extortion......Page 409
The Background......Page 410
Lobbying......Page 415
Transnational Bribery......Page 416
The Victimology of Bribery......Page 418
Empirical Inquiries......Page 420
Public Integrity Section Data......Page 421
Conclusion......Page 423
Endnotes......Page 424
References......Page 425
Characteristics of Legal Services in Japan......Page 428
Crimes by Lawyers......Page 429
Formal Sanctions for Crime and Misconduct by Lawyers......Page 430
Jurisprudential Aspects......Page 433
The Basis of the Criminal Responsibility of Professionals: The Case of Japanese Law......Page 434
Illegal Activity......Page 435
Culpability......Page 437
Endnotes......Page 438
Statutes Cited......Page 439
27......Page 440
1 Corruption Kills......Page 441
Narrative Defenses of Corruption: Euphemisms and Minimization......Page 442
Corruption Kills: Half Forgotten American History......Page 447
Corruption Kills Thousands in China’s Mines......Page 448
Corruption Kills Thousands of Turks: The Building as Weapon......Page 449
Chechen Terrorists Exploit Russian Corruption......Page 452
Illinois: Safe Truck Drivers Don’t Need To Bribe To Get a License......Page 454
Endnotes......Page 455
References......Page 456
Comparative Criminology: Necessity and Promise......Page 458
Defining Corruption......Page 460
Two Definitional Issues......Page 461
The Need for a Legal Standard......Page 462
Victimless Crime?......Page 463
Varieties of Corruption......Page 464
A Tale of Two Potentates......Page 465
Complexity and Corruption......Page 466
Complexity and Types of Corruption......Page 468
Corruption and Other Crimes......Page 469
Corruption and the Problematics of White-Collar Crime......Page 470
Conclusion......Page 472
References......Page 474
3 Corporate Corruption in the New Economy......Page 476
Crimes of the New Economy......Page 477
Scope and Consequences......Page 478
Swapping/Round-Tripping......Page 479
Creative Accounting......Page 481
IPO Allocation Schemes......Page 482
Criminogenic Market Structures......Page 484
Criminogenic Institutional Frameworks......Page 486
Future Issues......Page 487
Conclusion......Page 488
Endnotes......Page 489
References......Page 490
I. Beccaria and Public Harm......Page 492
Edwin H. Sutherland......Page 494
Recent Research......Page 495
Definitions of White-Collar Crime and Implications of Harm......Page 496
Elusiveness and Double Standards......Page 497
III. Corruption and Its Tangles......Page 498
IV. Italian “Systemic” Corruption......Page 499
1. Rationality......Page 500
3. Feedback......Page 501
V. The Harm of Corruption......Page 503
Endnotes......Page 506
References......Page 508
32......Page 513
Cause......Page 514
Negligence......Page 515
Co-optation and Complicity......Page 516
Cure......Page 519
Endnotes......Page 521
References......Page 522
2 Crime? What Crime? Tales of the Collapse of HIH1......Page 524
HIH: Two Tales of a Corporate Collapse......Page 525
The Criminological Problem of HIH......Page 528
White-Collar Crime and Context: Common Elements......Page 529
Unique Aspects of HIH: Insurance and Australia......Page 532
Conclusion......Page 534
Endnotes......Page 535
References......Page 538
Information: The Common Denominator......Page 541
Parmalat......Page 542
Creditors......Page 543
The Work Force\r......Page 544
Schemes, with a Focus on Enron......Page 545
The Cuiaba Project......Page 546
The Grayhawk Project......Page 547
Revisiting the L&H Case......Page 548
An Idol and Groupies......Page 549
The External Auditor......Page 550
Conclusion......Page 551
References......Page 552
Brief History of S&Ls......Page 553
Unlawful Risk-Taking......Page 554
Outline of “Jusen” Housing Loan Company......Page 555
Japan Housing Loan Co. Case......Page 556
Packard Commission and DII......Page 557
Outline of Japan Defense Agency......Page 558
Sentencing......Page 559
The Defect and Legal Reaction......Page 560
Mitsubishi Motors Co. Case......Page 561
Reaction of Criminal Justice System......Page 562
Corporate Criminal Liability......Page 563
Grand Design of Strategy for Fighting White-Collar Crime......Page 564
Endnotes......Page 565
References......Page 566
Japan......Page 568
37......Page 569
1 Policing Healthcare at the Dawn of the New Millennium......Page 570
Torts and Medical Licensing......Page 571
Government Regulation of Medicare and Medicaid......Page 573
Enforcement Efforts......Page 577
Conclusion and Discussion......Page 580
Endnotes......Page 582
References......Page 583
2 Policing Financial Crimes......Page 587
Policing Fraud: The Contexts of Police Undercover Work......Page 590
Covert Investigations of White-Collar Crime in America......Page 591
Covert Policing of White-Collar Crime in Britain......Page 593
Prosecution and Relationship to Policing Fraud......Page 599
The Future of Fraud Investigation......Page 600
Endnotes......Page 601
References......Page 603
40......Page 606
Abstract......Page 607
The Origins of Situational Crime Prevention......Page 608
Features of White-Collar Crime......Page 609
Focus on Highly Specific Forms of Crime......Page 612
Immediate Environment......Page 613
White Collar Crime and Situational Prevention: A Summary of General Considerations......Page 614
Increasing the Effort......Page 615
Increasing the Risk of Detection......Page 617
Reducing the Rewards......Page 618
Reducing Provocations......Page 619
Removing Excuses......Page 620
Final Thoughts......Page 621
References......Page 622
2“ This Time We Really Mean It!”......Page 625
History of Securities Regulation in Canada......Page 627
Developments Since 1980......Page 629
The New Crackdown......Page 631
Enforcement......Page 633
Change, or Regulatory Status Quo?......Page 635
Endnotes......Page 638
References......Page 642
The General Criminal Law: Corporate Manslaughter......Page 646
Occupational Health and Safety Laws......Page 647
Experimenting with a New Offense: “Industrial Manslaughter”......Page 649
The Australian Capital Territory Experiment......Page 650
Other Australian Developments......Page 651
United Kingdom......Page 652
Canada......Page 653
The Arguments for and Against Industrial Manslaughter Laws......Page 654
Conclusion......Page 655
Endnotes......Page 656
References......Page 659
The Development of China’s Modern Corporation......Page 661
Corporation Business......Page 662
Corporation Types as Defined by Ownership......Page 663
Definition......Page 664
Trends in Chinese Corporate Crime......Page 665
Definition of a Criminal Perpetrator in Corporate Crime......Page 667
The Principal of Punishment for Corporate Crimes......Page 668
The Basis of Punishment for Corporate Crime......Page 669
Methods of Punishment for Corporate Crime......Page 670
Non-Criminal Punishment for Corporate Crime......Page 671
Guidelines for Different Types of Non-Criminal Punishment......Page 672
Administrative Punishment......Page 673
Other Types of Non-Criminal Punishment......Page 674
Conclusion......Page 675
Endnotes......Page 676
References......Page 677
About the Authors......Page 678
Index......Page 688