International Handbook of Love: Transcultural and Transdisciplinary Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Photographs and Photographers
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Introductory Chapters
	Chapter 1: Voicing the Stories of Love Across Cultures: An Introduction
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 The Contributions of this Book
		1.3 The Photographic Contribution to this Book
		References
	Chapter 2: The State of Ethnological Research on Love: A Critical Review
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Theoretical Approaches to Studying Love: An Overview
			2.2.1 Comparative Approaches: Socio-Cultural and Evolutionary Perspectives on Love
			2.2.2 Dynamics of Love: Critical Approaches
		2.3 Emerging Themes in Love´s Ethnographic Record
			2.3.1 The Global Rise of Companionate Marriages
			2.3.2 Companionate Love as a Marital Ideal
			2.3.3 Weak and Strong Institutional Support for Companionate Marital Love
			2.3.4 Expanding Romantic Love: Beyond Monogamy and Heteronormativity
		2.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Love´s Ethnographic Record: Beyond the Love/Arranged Marriage Dichotomy and Other False Essentialisms
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 The False Dichotomy of Love and Arranged Marriage
			3.2.1 Spousal Love after (Arranged) Marriage
		3.3 Love in Plural and Extra-Marital Relationships
		3.4 Inseparable Spheres, Intimate Worlds: Sex and Materiality in Love
			3.4.1 Love, Exchange, and Gendered Respectability
			3.4.2 ``True´´ Love and Concerns of Romantic Purity and Sincerity
		3.5 Communicating Love: Entangling Tradition and Modernity
		3.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 4: Cultural Diversity of Romantic Love Experience
		4.1 Experience of Passion in Love
			4.1.1 Cross-cultural Similarities in the Experience of Passion
			4.1.2 Cross-cultural Differences in the Experience of Passion
		4.2 Romantic Experience in Love
			4.2.1 Romantic Beliefs in Love
			4.2.2 Early Studies of Romantic Beliefs in Western Countries
			4.2.3 Studies of Romantic Beliefs in Africa and West Indies
			4.2.4 Studies of Romantic Attitudes in Japan, the USA, Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, China, India
			4.2.5 Gender Differences in Romantic Attitudes
			4.2.6 Romantic Idea of Exclusivity
			4.2.7 Romantic Idea of Union in Love
			4.2.8 Romantic Jealousy
		4.3 Erotic and Sexual Experience of Love
			4.3.1 Erotic Love
			4.3.2 Sexual Love
			4.3.3 The Experiences of Relations Between Erotic and Sexual Love
		4.4 Joyful and Powerful Experience of Love
			4.4.1 Joy and Happiness of Love
			4.4.2 The Quality of Love Makes Differences
			4.4.3 The Predictors of Happy Love Across Cultures
		4.5 Maladaptive Experience of Love
			4.5.1 Obsession in Love
			4.5.2 Suffering in Love
			4.5.3 Lovesickness
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Particular Facets and Manifestations of Love in Digital Social, Cultural and Political Contexts
	Chapter 5: Cyberspace: The Alternative Romantic Culture
		5.1 More and Different Romantic Options
			5.1.1 Cyberlove and Cybersex
			5.1.2 Abundant Available Romantic Options
			5.1.3 Interactive Exciting Imagination
		5.2 The Impact of Cyberspace on Romantic Relations
			5.2.1 Increasing Diversity and Flexibility
			5.2.2 Profundity and Superficiality
			5.2.3 Romantic Complexity
		5.3 The Normative Impact of Cyberspace
		5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 6: Climbing, and Falling Off, Plato´s Ladder of Love: The Emotions of Love and of Love´s Undoing
		6.1 Love as an Emotion
			6.1.1 Joy and Happiness
			6.1.2 Acceptance
		6.2 The Nature and Experience of Love
		6.3 Ascending the Ladder of Love
		6.4 Falling Off the Ladder: Emotions of Failing Love
			6.4.1 Disgust, Rejection
			6.4.2 Sadness
			6.4.3 Bittersweetness
			6.4.4 Ambivalence
			6.4.5 Derisiveness
			6.4.6 Resignation
			6.4.7 Loneliness
		6.5 Discussion
		6.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Towards the Performance of Embodied Cultures of Love
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Orienting Love
		7.3 Psychological Neoteny
		7.4 Ubuntu
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: ``A Friend? A Single Soul Dwelling in Two Bodies.´´ Friendship-a Special Kind of Love
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Approaching the Idea of Friendship
			8.2.1 Voluntariness, Closeness, Intimacy and Encounter at Eye Level as Constitutive Characteristics of Friendship
			8.2.2 Continuity Character, Changeability and Renunciation of Sexual Intimacy as Further Characteristics of Friendship
		8.3 Impacts of Friendship
			8.3.1 Positive Impacts on Health
			8.3.2 Positive Effects of Friendship on Finding Meaning
			8.3.3 Friendship as a Social Resource
		8.4 Friendship Across and Between Cultures
		8.5 Friendship in the Face of Digitalisation
		8.6 Friendships Between Women and Men
		8.7 Conclusion
		8.8 Indications for Future Research Needs
		References
	Chapter 9: ``Have a Friend with Benefits, Whom off and on I See.´´ Friends with Benefits Relationships
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Reseach Methodology
		9.3 Friends with Benefits Relationships and Well-Being
		9.4 Friends with Benefits Relationships and Gender Differences
		9.5 Friends with Benefits Relationships from Different Cultural Perspectives
		9.6 Conclusion
		9.7 Further Research
		References
	Chapter 10: Building a Culture of Revolutionary Love: The Politics of Love in Radical Social Transformation
		10.1 Introduction: Love and Revolution in the Twentieth Century
		10.2 Feminist Critiques of Love
		10.3 Love as Freedom
		10.4 Love beyond the Human: Entangled Empathy
		10.5 Conclusion: Love as Liberation
		References
Part III: Love in Religious and Belief Systems
	Chapter 11: Devotion: ``Being Shore to the Ocean´´
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Love as Devotion: Foundational Considerations
			11.2.1 Clarifying Language
			11.2.2 Clarifying Understandings of Love
				11.2.2.1 Devotion as Robust Concern
				11.2.2.2 Devotion´s Many Faces
		11.3 Devotion `at Work´
			11.3.1 Devotion as Life-Giving
			11.3.2 Mutual Devotion as Dismantling Barriers
			11.3.3 Devotion: Its Distortions and Deceptions
				11.3.3.1 Devotion as Love Unacknowledged
				11.3.3.2 Devotion as Distorted Loyalty
		11.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Ashk: The Sufi Concept for Love
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Research Methodology
		12.3 Ashk
		12.4 Love and Beauty
		12.5 Ascension to Beauty
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Prema in kabIr´s sAkhI: Indigenous Perspectives on Love
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Methodology
		13.3 kabIr sAhab´s sAkhI or Teaching
		13.4 Results
		13.5 Discussion
		References
Part IV: Love Within the Framework of Family and Intergenerational Relations
	Chapter 14: Videography of Love and Marriage Order
		14.1 Introduction: People Meet, People Fall in Love, They Get Married
		14.2 Methodology
		14.3 Outdoor Registration as a Format of Experience and Service on the Market
		14.4 Online Wedding Forums as a Platform for Discussions Among Customers
		14.5 Photo and Video Shooting of Outdoor Registration in Tsaritsyno
		14.6 The ``Wedding in Tsaritsyno´´ Video: Microanalysis
		14.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Low-SES Parents´ Love as Educational Involvement with Their Primary School Children: A Synthesis of Qualitative Re...
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Literature Review
		15.3 Method
			15.3.1 Search Procedures
			15.3.2 Study Criteria
			15.3.3 Analysis
		15.4 Results
			15.4.1 Facilitating Learning
				15.4.1.1 Advocating the Importance of Education
				15.4.1.2 Providing a Good Home Environment
				15.4.1.3 Cultivating Children´s Learning Experience
				15.4.1.4 Helping with School Assignment
				15.4.1.5 Establishing Rapport
			15.4.2 Using Support from Others
				15.4.2.1 Support from Family
				15.4.2.2 Support from School and Community
			15.4.3 Involvement in School
				15.4.3.1 Developing Relationships with Teachers
				15.4.3.2 Guiding Children´s Social Behaviors and Morals
			15.4.4 Reflecting Cultural Influences
				15.4.4.1 Motivating to Compete
				15.4.4.2 Fulfilling Traditional Roles of Fathers
				15.4.4.3 Practicing Religious Beliefs
		15.5 Discussion
			15.5.1 Facilitating Learning
				15.5.1.1 Establishing Rapport
				15.5.1.2 Advocating the Importance of Education
				15.5.1.3 Providing a Good Home Environment
				15.5.1.4 Helping with School Assignments
			15.5.2 Using Support from Others
			15.5.3 Involvement in School
				15.5.3.1 Developing Relationships with Teachers
				15.5.3.2 Guiding Children´s Social Behavior and Morals
			15.5.4 Reflecting Cultural Influences
				15.5.4.1 Motivating to Compete
				15.5.4.2 Fulfilling Traditional Roles of Fathers
				15.5.4.3 Practicing Religious Beliefs
		15.6 Implications for Schools
		15.7 Limitations
		15.8 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 16: When a Mother´s Love Is Not Enough: A Cross-Cultural Critical Review of Anxiety, Attachment, Maternal Ambivalence,...
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Constructing Motherhood
		16.3 Anxiety
		16.4 Attachment
		16.5 Maternal Ambivalence
		16.6 Abandonment
		16.7 Infanticide
		16.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: A Semi-Peripheral Myth of the ``Good Mother´´: The History of Motherly Love in Hungary from a Global Perspective
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Who Is a Good Mother?
		17.3 An Outline of the History of the Myth of the Good Mother in the Core Countries
		17.4 The Socialist Myth of the Good Mother in Hungary
		17.5 The Contemporary Myth of the Good Mother in Hungary
		17.6 Summary
		References
	Chapter 18: Loving Like I Was Loved: Mother-Child Relationship from the Malay Muslims´ Perspective
		18.1 Introduction to Love in the Described Context
		18.2 Love as Part of Human Nature
		18.3 Love: Cultural and Religion Perspectives
		18.4 Love in Mother-Child Relationship
			18.4.1 Present Love in Mother-Child Relationship
				18.4.1.1 Physical Experience of Love
				18.4.1.2 Emotional Experience of Love
				18.4.1.3 Spiritual Expression of Love
			18.4.2 Messages Conveyed Through Love Across Different Era
		18.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: Sexuality, Love and Sexual Well-Being in Old Age
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Love and Sexuality Among Older Adults in Different Cultures
		19.3 Are Older Adults Sexually Active?
		19.4 Older Adults´ Sexuality in a Cultural Context
		19.5 Sexual Well-Being
			19.5.1 Dimensions of Sexual Well-Being
			19.5.2 Factors Affecting Sexual Well-Being and Sexual Unwellness
			19.5.3 Policies and Interventions
		19.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 20: ``A Matter of Age?´´ Love Relationships Between Older Women and Younger Men: The So-called ``Cougar´´ Phenomenon
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Statistical Facts on (Love) Relationships Between Older Women and Young Men
		20.3 Case Examples: Research Methodology
		20.4 Current State of Research on Age-Differential Relationships Between Older Women and Younger Men
		20.5 Experiences, Insights and Motives of Couples in Relationships Between Older Women and Younger Men
		20.6 Conclusion and Future Research Needs
		References
	Chapter 21: A Table for One: The Homosexual Single and the Absence of Romantic Love
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Homosexuality and Singlehood: Storying the Unloved, the Deviant and the Abnormal
		21.3 Drinking Alone?
		21.4 The Homosexual Single Mourner: Ghostly Invaders
		21.5 Concluding Thoughts
		References
	Chapter 22: On Homosexual Love and Right to Same-Sex Marriage: Questioning the Paradox of #LoveWins Discourse
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Love, Heteronormativity, Homonormativity
		22.3 Researching the Hashtag
			22.3.1 Data Collection
			22.3.2 Ethical Considerations
			22.3.3 Research Limitations
			22.3.4 Data Analysis
		22.4 Research Findings: Development, Modernity and #LoveWins
			22.4.1 Findings: Three Categories of the Use of #LoveWins
			22.4.2 Analyzing the Discourse of Development/Modernity
		22.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Love and Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Theoretical Background
			23.2.1 Identity and Identity-Forming Values
			23.2.2 Individualist Accounts of Love
			23.2.3 Interpersonal Accounts of Love
			23.2.4 Love as Union
		23.3 Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values Among Lovers
			23.3.1 Analyzing Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values Among Lovers
			23.3.2 Can Conflicts Between Identity-Forming Values Among Lovers Be Resolved?
		23.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24: The Importance of Family Members in Love Letters
		24.1 Introduction
			24.1.1 Possibilities
			24.1.2 What Are Love Letters?
		24.2 Theoretical Background and Context
		24.3 Research Methodology
		24.4 Findings
			24.4.1 Frequency of Love Letter Content About Family Members
			24.4.2 Building Links Between Lover and Family
				24.4.2.1 Telling Family Members About the Lover
				24.4.2.2 Telling the Lover About One´s Family
				24.4.2.3 Progress Report on Family Acceptance of the Other
			24.4.3 Expressions of Connection Between Lover and Family
				24.4.3.1 Writing Caring Things About the Lover´s Family
				24.4.3.2 Family Members and Lovers Reach Out to Each Other
				24.4.3.3 Meeting the Lover´s Relatives
		24.5 Discussion
			24.5.1 Importance of Family in Love Letters
			24.5.2 Limitations
			24.5.3 Culture
		24.6 Conclusion
		24.7 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
			24.7.1 Theory
			24.7.2 Practice
		The Love Letter Collections
		References
Part V: Love in the Context of Counselling, Psychotherapy and Psychiatry
	Chapter 25: Love at the Psychiatric Ward
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Love at the Clinic: In-Between Self-Determination and Protection
		25.3 Further Objections to Love at the Clinic
		25.4 Love as a Therapy-Conducive Factor
		25.5 Love as Eros, Philia, Agape
		25.6 Transitions: Agape and Caritas, Compassion and Empathy
		25.7 Ontological Rootedness in Group Therapy Settings
		25.8 Therapeutic Implications
		References
	Chapter 26: Love from a Psychotherapeutic Perspective Including Case Studies: The Need for Effective Altruism
		26.1 Love Within the Therapeutic Alliance, Transference and Countertransference
		26.2 Judicial Aspects
		26.3 Respectful Physical Touch and Humaneness in Therapy
		26.4 Fromm´s Categories of Love
		26.5 Basics of Effective Altruism
		26.6 Intercultural Case Vignettes
		26.7 Recommendations for Effective Therapeutic Practice and Conclusions
		26.8 Special Recommendations Applying to Group Settings
		References
	Chapter 27: Coming Home to Self: Finding Self-Compassion and Self-Love in Psychotherapy
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 The Flip Side: What Is Not Self-Love
		27.3 Conceptual Framework: Understanding Self-Love Through Theories
		27.4 Self: Criticism or Compassion: Relationship with Psychopathology
		27.5 Self-Criticism Versus Self-Compassion: A Cultural Perspective
		27.6 Self-Compassion and the Psychotherapeutic Process
		27.7 Methodology
			27.7.1 The Journey With-in
			27.7.2 The In-Adequate Me
			27.7.3 The Parent and the Inner Critic
			27.7.4 Inviting the Loving Self
			27.7.5 Utilising the Insights for Days to Come
		27.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 28: How to Research Performances of Love with Timelines
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Aim of the Chapter
		28.3 Context and Literature Review
			28.3.1 Love Migration: Bureaucratical Framework and Governmentality
			28.3.2 Questions of Intercultural Communication About Binational Relationships
		28.4 Description of the Research Field
		28.5 Theoretical Considerations on Research About Love
			28.5.1 Grounded Theory: To Approach Love Step by Step
			28.5.2 Sensory Ethnography: To Approach Love´s Physical and Corporeal Dimensions
		28.6 Integration of Systemic Methods into Ethnographical Research to Study Love
		28.7 Research Methodology
			28.7.1 Second Phase
		28.8 Findings in Respect to Love
		28.9 Love: Different Shades of Closeness
		28.10 Love as the Permission to Be Changed
		28.11 Discussion
			28.11.1 Disadvantages
			28.11.2 Advantages
			28.11.3 Binational Couples: More than a Question of Communication
		28.12 Conclusion
		28.13 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
		References
Part VI: Love in the Context of Globalisation
	Chapter 29: Correlates of Love Across Relationship Types and Cultural Regions
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 How Is the Study Comprehensive?
		29.3 How Is Love Conceptualized and Measured?
		29.4 How Are the Correlates Tested?
		29.5 How Is Love Correlated with Relationship Reasons?
		29.6 How Is Love Correlated with Life Goals?
		29.7 How Is Love Correlated with Values?
		29.8 How Is Love Correlated with Relationship Attitudes?
		29.9 How Is Love Correlated with Stereotypic Gender Traits?
		29.10 How Is Love Correlated with Mate Selection Factors?
		29.11 How Is Love Correlated with Partner Similarity?
		29.12 How Is Love Correlated with Ratings of Partner and Self?
		29.13 How Is Love Correlated with Lee´s Love Styles?
		29.14 How Is Love Correlated with Emotional Intimacy?
		29.15 How Is Love Correlated with Communication?
		29.16 How Is Love Correlated with Sexual Intimacy?
		29.17 How Is Love Correlated with Sex outside the Relationship?
		29.18 How Is Love Correlated with Social Exchange Measures?
		29.19 How Is Love Correlated with Conflict Measures?
		29.20 How Is Love Correlated with Responses to Dissatisfaction?
		29.21 How Is Love Correlated with Intimate Partner Violence?
		29.22 How Is Love Correlated with External Factors?
		29.23 How Is Love Correlated with Emotional Well-Being?
		29.24 How Is Love Correlated with Evaluative Well-Being?
		29.25 What Are the Categories of the Correlates of Love?
		29.26 Conclusions and Limitations
		29.27 Implications of the Study
		References
	Chapter 30: Love in a Time of Globalization: Intimacy Re-imagined Across Cultural Flows
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 What Is Globalization?
		30.3 The Detraditionalization of Relationship Formation: How Did We Get Here?
		30.4 Intimacy, Love and Economics
		30.5 Technology and Intimacy
		30.6 Discussion
		30.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 31: The Expression of Compassionate Love in the South African Cultural Diversity Context
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 Theoretical Background
			31.2.1 Compassion
			31.2.2 Empathy and Compassion
		31.3 Literature Review
			31.3.1 Compassionate Love
				31.3.1.1 What Is Compassionate Love?
			31.3.2 The Compassionate Love Scale
				31.3.2.1 Descriptive Information on the Compassionate Love Scale
				31.3.2.2 Factor Structure of the Compassionate Love Scale
				31.3.2.3 Reliable and Validity of the Compassionate Love Scale
		31.4 Research Methodology
			31.4.1 Study Design
			31.4.2 Study Eligibility Criteria
			31.4.3 Data Analysis
			31.4.4 Strategies Used to Ensure Data Quality
		31.5 Discussion and Practical Implications
			31.5.1 Compassionate Love and Prejudice in the South African Cultural Diversity Context
				31.5.1.1 Competition Between Culturally Diverse Groups
				31.5.1.2 Dividing the World into Culturally Diverse Ingroups and Outgroups
				31.5.1.3 Prejudice Toward Culturally Diverse Outgroup Members
				31.5.1.4 Xenophobia in South Africa
		31.6 Chapter Conclusion
			31.6.1 Relationship Between Compassionate Love and Prejudice Toward Culturally Diverse Outgroup Members
		References
	Chapter 32: Love in the Context of Transnational Academic Exchanges: Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing
		32.1 Introduction
			32.1.1 Background
			32.1.2 Increased Academic Exchanges
			32.1.3 Romantic Love
			32.1.4 Rationale for the Chapter
		32.2 Theoretical Framework: An Integrative Framework
			32.2.1 Cultural Psychological Concepts and Intersectionality
			32.2.2 Transnationalism and Digital Communication
			32.2.3 The Distinctiveness of the Situation of Staying Abroad and the Intercultural Encounter
			32.2.4 Emotional Availability and the Shared Third
		32.3 Methodology
			32.3.1 Empirical Studies and Ethical Considerations
			32.3.2 The Case Studies
				32.3.2.1 Danish Katja and Indian Rajiv: Master Level Internship in Mumbai
				32.3.2.2 Danish Lena and Spanish/Peruvian Pedro: Erasmus Study Exchange in Madrid
		32.4 Major Findings
			32.4.1 Motivation for Establishing Relationships Despite Differences
				32.4.1.1 Then We Started Hanging Out as Friends and Eh Yeah a Couple of Months Later `Love´
				32.4.1.2 The Responses of Significant Others
				32.4.1.3 Major Strategies for Managing in the First Phase of the Relationship
		32.5 Long-Term Sustaining of the Relationship
			32.5.1 Managing Everyday Life
			32.5.2 Digital Communication, Emotional Availability and the Shared Third
			32.5.3 Future Perspectives
		32.6 Personal Developmental Aspects: Identifying Criteria for Promoting Health and Well-Being
		32.7 Discussion
		32.8 Recommendations for Theory and Practice
		32.9 Concluding Comments
		References
	Chapter 33: Living with Love in Today´s World: Philosophical Reflections on Some of Its Complexities
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Love Under a Shadow
		33.3 Love Exhausted
		33.4 Lessons to Be Learned?
		References
Part VII: The Dark Side of Love
	Chapter 34: Love in Unhappy Couples
		34.1 Introduction
		34.2 Theoretical Background and Context
		34.3 Methodology: Case Study of a Fictional Unhappy Couple
			34.3.1 Arnie and Clarice
		34.4 Possibilities for Love in the Story of ``Arnie and Clarice´´
		34.5 The Ups and Downs of Marital Relationships
		34.6 Unhappy Relationships in the Perspective of the Language of Love
		34.7 Unhappy Couples and Love of the Conflict
		34.8 Ego Defenses that Mask Love
		34.9 Ambivalence
		34.10 Dialectics
		34.11 Negativity Does Not Mean Love Is Absent; Indifference Would
		34.12 Cultural Contexts for Unvoiced and Out-of-Awareness Feelings of Love
		34.13 Discussion
		34.14 Conclusion and Recommendations in Theory and Practice
		References
	Chapter 35: ``A Silver Duck in the Dish Washing Water´´ or Love and Crime in the Context of Positive Victimology
		35.1 Introduction: Love and Crime in Positive Criminology and Victimology
		35.2 Hate Crime and Love Crime
		35.3 Love, Relationship and Crime in Gendered and Cultural Contexts
		35.4 Love and Its Impact on Desistance from Crime
		35.5 Positive Victimology in the Context of Love Crime
		35.6 The 12-Step Process of Transformation
		35.7 Kasl´s Extended Programme: 16-Step Process for Female Offenders
		35.8 A Case Study: The 16-Step Programme of a Female Victim in the Context of Love and Crime
			35.8.1 The Context
			35.8.2 Transforming Through Kasl´s 16-Step Programme
		35.9 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 36: Free to Love: Experiences with Love for Women in Prison
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Women in Prison. Gendered Disciplinary Regimes
		36.3 Resisters Behind Bars
		36.4 Sociological and Feminist Understandings on Love
		36.5 Love, Affection, and Sexuality Behind Bars
		36.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 37: Hatred, Life Without Love, and the Descent into Hell
		37.1 Introduction
		37.2 The Three Primary Emotions of Hatred
			37.2.1 Anger-Rage
			37.2.2 Fear
			37.2.3 Disgust
		37.3 The Three Primary-Secondary Expressions of Hatred
			37.3.1 Contempt and Fear
			37.3.2 Disgust and Frozenness/Tonic-Immobility
			37.3.3 Anger and Repugnance
		37.4 Mixtures of Secondary Emotions
		37.5 Affect-Spectrum Theory vs. the Triangulation Theory of Hate
		37.6 Hatred and Social Identity
		37.7 Absence of Love, Hatred, and the Descent into Hell
		37.8 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 38: When the Love Is Bad
		38.1 Introduction: You´d be Prettier if you Smiled More
		38.2 When Love Was Bad
			38.2.1 The Love that Is Emotion
			38.2.2 When the Love Is Bad: The Love that Is Concupiscent Desire
		38.3 Bad Love, Revisited
		38.4 Conclusion: But, Babe, I Love You
		References
Part VIII: Love in Literature
	Chapter 39: Cosmopolitan Love: The Actuality of Goethe´s Passions
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 The Manifold Presence of Love in Goethe´s Life and Work
		39.3 Cosmopolitan Love as the Uniting Principle in Goethe´s Life
		39.4 Conclusion
		References
		Goethe´s Works
		Translations
	Chapter 40: On the Discoursive Construction of the Spanish Hero in Intercultural Romances
		40.1 Introduction
		40.2 Some Theoretical Background
			40.2.1 Love in Popular Culture
			40.2.2 Identity and National Character
		40.3 Spanishness and the Image of Spain and Spaniards
		40.4 The Multiple Faces of Spanishness
			40.4.1 Physical Features
			40.4.2 Character and Behaviour
			40.4.3 Literary and Historical Figures
			40.4.4 The Spanish Language
		40.5 Conclusion
		References
		Primary Sources
	Chapter 41: Passion Love, Masculine Rivalry and Arabic Poetry in Mauritania
		41.1 Introduction: Love Beyond the West
		41.2 History of Love in Anthropology
		41.3 Two Kinds of Love
			41.3.1 Courtly Love
			41.3.2 Night Meetings
		41.4 Nostalgic Poetry
		41.5 The Landscape of Love
		41.6 The Uniqueness of the Beloved Woman
		41.7 The Pain of Love
		41.8 Secret Visits
		41.9 The Expenses of Love
		41.10 The Objets of Love
			41.10.1 Inaccessible Married Women
			41.10.2 Husbands Who Are Not Jealous
			41.10.3 Jealous Wives
		41.11 Conclusion: Masculine Desire
		References
	Chapter 42: ``How Do You Spell Love?´´-``You Don´t Spell It. You Feel It.´´
		42.1 Introduction: Love?
		42.2 Popularity of Reading About Love: Some Numbers
		42.3 Unfulfillment
		42.4 A Female Existential Dilemma: In the Real World and in Literature
		42.5 A Universal Love Predicament
			42.5.1 Escape Through Death
			42.5.2 Escape Through Divorce
			42.5.3 Escape Through Extramarital Affair(s)
			42.5.4 The Cauldron
		42.6 The Magic of Love
		42.7 Conclusions and Recommendations for the Theory and Practice: Research into Love Reading
		References
	Chapter 43: ``There Are as Many Kinds of Love as There Are Hearts´´: Age-Gap Relationships in Literature and Cultural Attitudes
		43.1 Introduction: Age-Gap Relationships in Real and Fictional Worlds
		43.2 Theoretical Background: How Fiction Can Shape Your Views
		43.3 Context: Literature and Social Norms
		43.4 Research Methodology: Reading Literary Texts About Age-Gap Relationships
		43.5 Findings: Does Reading Fiction Shape Your Views?
		43.6 Discussion
		43.7 Conclusion
		Appendix
			A.1 The OM Case (``Happiness´´ Passage)
			A.2 The OM Case (``Frustration´´ Passage)
			A.3 The OW Case (``Happiness´´ Passage)
			A.4 The OW Case (``Frustration´´ Passage)
		References
	Chapter 44: Imagining Love: Teen Romance Novels and American Teen Relational Capacity
		44.1 Introduction
		44.2 Teen Relational Capacity Is Decreasing
		44.3 The Experience of Reading
		44.4 Reading Love
		44.5 Teen Romance Novels and the Fostering of Love
		44.6 Teen Romance Novels and the Thwarting of Love
		44.7 Conclusion
		References
Part IX: Love in Workplaces and Business Contexts
	Chapter 45: Compassionate Love in Leaders: Leadership Solutions in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
		45.1 Introduction: The World of Work During the Fourth Industrial Revolution
		45.2 Concepts of Love in Leadership in Contemporary Workplaces
		45.3 Love and Leadership in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
		45.4 Research Methodology
			45.4.1 Sampling, Data Collection and Analysis
			45.4.2 Ethical Considerations, Quality Criteria and Limitations of the Study
		45.5 Findings
			45.5.1 Concepts of Love in Leadership
			45.5.2 Which Leadership Expressions Do You Associate with Love?
			45.5.3 How Does Love Impact on Work Relationships?
			45.5.4 How Does Love in Leadership Support the Transformation of Negative Emotions?
			45.5.5 Extraordinary Leaders and Love
		45.6 Discussion: Love in Leaders in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
		45.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 46: Love Is a Many-Splendoured Thing: Brand Love in a Consumer Culture
		46.1 Introduction
		46.2 Consumer Culture
		46.3 Definitions of Brand Love
			46.3.1 Conceptualising Brand Love
			46.3.2 Conceptualising Brand Love from an Interpersonal Perspective
			46.3.3 Conceptualising Brand Love from a Parasocial Perspective
			46.3.4 Conceptualising Brand Love from a Grounded Theory Perspective
			46.3.5 Conceptualising Brand Love from a Developmental Perspective
			46.3.6 Relational Typologies of Brand Love and Brand Hate
			46.3.7 Love Marriage Between Consumers and Brands
			46.3.8 Experience-Based Relationships Between Consumers and Brands
			46.3.9 Arranged Marriage Between Consumers and Brands
		46.4 Measurement and Empirical Investigation of Brand Love
		46.5 Conclusion
		References
Part X: Love in Different Cultural Contexts
	Chapter 47: Meaning-making Through Love Stories in Cultural Perspectives: Expressions, Rituals and Symbols
		47.1 Introduction
		47.2 Concepts of Love and Culture
			47.2.1 Love Expression in Cultures
		47.3 Meaning-Making Through Narrations and Stories of Love
		47.4 The Contribution of this Chapter
		47.5 Research Methodology
			47.5.1 Data Collection, Analysis and Reporting
			47.5.2 Sampling
			47.5.3 Ethical Considerations and Limitations of the Study
		47.6 Findings and Discussion
			47.6.1 What Is Love?
			47.6.2 How Do You Feel When You Love?
			47.6.3 How Do You Express Your Love?
			47.6.4 What Are the Rituals of Love?
			47.6.5 What Are Symbols for Love?
			47.6.6 Stories of Love
				47.6.6.1 Love and Family Relationships
				47.6.6.2 Love and Romantic Relationships
				47.6.6.3 Love and Spiritual Relationships
				47.6.6.4 Love in the Workplace
		47.7 Discussion
		47.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 48: Forbidden Love: Controlling Partnerships Across Ethnoracial Boundaries
		48.1 Introduction
		48.2 Methodology
		48.3 Case Studies
			48.3.1 Spain and Colonial America
			48.3.2 United States in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
			48.3.3 England´s Colonial and Post-colonial Era
			48.3.4 Australia in the English Colonial Era
			48.3.5 Nazi Germany
			48.3.6 South Africa´s Apartheid
		48.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 49: The Triangular Theory of Love Scale Used in a South African Context: A Research Study
		49.1 Introduction
		49.2 Sternberg´s Triangular Love Theory
			49.2.1 Properties of the Theory
			49.2.2 Types of Love
		49.3 Critique of Sternberg´s Triadic Love Theory
		49.4 Research Method for the Study
		49.5 Results of the Study
		49.6 Discussion
		References
	Chapter 50: Love in China (1950-Now)
		50.1 Introduction
		50.2 Research Methodology
		50.3 Revolutionary Love and the Repercussions of `Class´ (1950s-1970s)
		50.4 Gendered Implications of International Intimacy (Late 1970s-2000s)
		50.5 Love `in Crisis´ (Late 2000s to the Present)
		50.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 51: Sustaining Love and Building Bicultural Marriages Between Japanese and Americans in Japan
		51.1 Introduction
			51.1.1 Background
			51.1.2 Cultures Affect Bicultural Marriages
			51.1.3 Model of Intercultural Interactions
		51.2 Method
			51.2.1 Analysis
			51.2.2 Subjects Other than Ourselves
			51.2.3 The Authors´ Backgrounds
		51.3 Results of Key Issues
			51.3.1 Listening and Accepting
			51.3.2 Complaining and Complimenting
			51.3.3 Apologizing and Forgiving
			51.3.4 Laughing and Seriousness
			51.3.5 Trusting and Reciprocating
		51.4 Discussion
		51.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 52: Agape Love in Indigenous Women´s Memoir: A Quest for Justice and Unity
		52.1 Introduction
		52.2 Love and Power
		52.3 Justice in Action
		52.4 Representations of Love
		52.5 Love of Family
		52.6 Romantic Love
		52.7 Love of Friends
		52.8 Love of Community
		52.9 Humanism
		52.10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 53: Sacrifice and the Agapic Love Gender Gap in South Korean Romantic Relationships
		53.1 Introduction
			53.1.1 Theorizing Love and Gendered Reciprocity
		53.2 The South Korean Cultural Context: A Brief History of Romantic Love and Sacrifice
			53.2.1 Ancient and Medieval Korea: Love and Sacrifice in Folklore
			53.2.2 Colonial and Post-Colonial Korea: Love, Sacrifice and Modernity
		53.3 Research Methods
		53.4 Findings: Love, Sacrifice and Reciprocity in Contemporary South Korea
			53.4.1 The Limits of Love: Uncompromisable Desires and the Need for Reciprocity
			53.4.2 The Things We Do for Love: Agapic Love and Gender Relations
		53.5 Discussion: Origin and Future of the Agapic Love Gender Gap
		53.6 Conclusion
		53.7 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
		References
	Chapter 54: Contestations and Complexities of Love In Contemporary Cuba
		54.1 Introduction
		54.2 Theoretical Background
		54.3 Context
		54.4 Research Methodology
		54.5 Findings
		54.6 Discussion
		54.7 Conclusion
		54.8 Recommendations in Theory and Practice
		References
	Chapter 55: ``If Any Man Loveth Not His Father´´: Søren Kierkegaard´s Psychology of Love
		55.1 Introduction
		55.2 Theoretical Background
		55.3 Methodology
		55.4 Findings: Life and Loves
			55.4.1 ``A Strange Family´´: Søren at Home (1813-1830)
			55.4.2 Student, Disciple, Public Speaker (1830-1838)
			55.4.3 Author, Theologian, Man of the World: Søren at Home and Abroad (1838-1845)
			55.4.4 The Corsair Affair: Søren in the Press and Against the Kirk (1845-1855)
		55.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research
		References
	Chapter 56: Focus on Cross-Cultural Models of Love
		56.1 Introduction
		56.2 Emotion Events
		56.3 Materials and Methods
			56.3.1 Online Emotions Sorting Methodology
				56.3.1.1 Procedure
				56.3.1.2 Participants
			56.3.2 Language Corpora
			56.3.3 GRID
				56.3.3.1 Procedure
				56.3.3.2 Participants
		56.4 Results
			56.4.1 Online Emotions Sorting Study
				56.4.1.1 Love and Happiness Cluster
		56.5 Love Cluster in Corpora
			56.5.1 Love Scenarios in Collocations
			56.5.2 Collocational patterns
		56.6 Types of Love
			56.6.1 Language Corpora and Love Typology
			56.6.2 Bodily and Reistic Expressions of Love: Metaphor
		56.7 GRID Results
			56.7.1 Novelty
				56.7.1.1 Duration
		56.8 Conclusions
			56.8.1 Typology of Love
		References
	Chapter 57: Could Trump Be His Own Valentine? On Narcissism and Selfless Self-Love
		57.1 Trumpmania
		57.2 The Roles of Love
		57.3 Being Valentine: Lovingly Receptive
		57.4 Selfless Self-love Without Narcisissm
		57.5 Taking Stock
Part XI: Emic Perspectives on Love
	Chapter 58: Love, Dementia and Intimate Citizenship
		58.1 Introduction
		58.2 Demographics and Discourses of Dementia
		58.3 Learning from the Museum of Love
			58.3.1 Love as Belonging
			58.3.2 Love Challenges
				58.3.2.1 Timely Diagnosis
				58.3.2.2 Stigma
			58.3.3 Changing Roles, Interests and Behaviour
			58.3.4 Reciprocity
		58.4 Love as a Skill
			58.4.1 Small Acts of Love
		58.5 Conclusion: A Call to Action
		References
	Chapter 59: Enlisting Positive Psychologies to Challenge Love Within SAD´s Culture of Maladaptive Self-Beliefs
		59.1 Social Anxiety Disorder
			59.1.1 SAD and Interpersonal Love
		59.2 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
		59.3 Categories of Interpersonal Love
		59.4 Philautia
			59.4.1 Unhealthy Philautia
			59.4.2 Healthy Philautia
		59.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 60: ``Different Race, Same Cultures´´: Developing Intercultural Identities
		60.1 Developing Intercultural Identities Through Narratives
		60.2 ``Different Race, Same Cultures´´: Autobiographical Experiences on Intercultural Identity Development
		Reference