International environmental law

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 13
Abbreviations......Page 15
Introduction......Page 19
1.1 International Law......Page 23
1.2.1. Sovereignty......Page 24
1.2.2. Wealth......Page 26
1.2.3. Cooperation......Page 28
1.3 International Organizations......Page 29
1.4 Nongovernmental Actors......Page 34
2 International Lawmaking Process......Page 38
2.1 Treaties......Page 39
2.2 Custom......Page 41
2.3 Principles of Law......Page 42
2.5 Content......Page 43
3.1 Developed Countries......Page 45
3.2 Developing Countries......Page 46
4.1 Stockholm......Page 48
4.2 Rio......Page 50
4.3 Johannesburg......Page 53
4.4 From Stockholm to Johannesburg......Page 56
4.5 Case Law......Page 57
5 Globalization and International Law......Page 65
6.1 Sovereignty over Natural Resources......Page 67
6.3 Principles of Preventive Action and Precaution......Page 68
6.4 Polluter Pays Principle and Equitable Sharing of Cost......Page 69
6.5 Sustainable Development......Page 70
6.6 Equitable Utilization......Page 71
6.8 Human Rights......Page 72
7 Settlement of Disputes......Page 73
8 Monitoring and Enforcement......Page 75
1 Functions of Law......Page 77
2 Foundations......Page 83
2.1 Minimum Order......Page 84
2.2 Equity......Page 85
2.3 Effectiveness as Equity......Page 88
2.4 Cost-Effectiveness......Page 91
3 Regulation of Natural Resources......Page 93
4 Enclosure of National Commons......Page 96
5 Enclosure of Global Commons......Page 98
5.1 Fisheries......Page 99
5.2 Deep Sea-Bed Resources......Page 101
5.3 Germplasm and Related Knowledge......Page 104
5.4 Freshwater Resources......Page 106
5.5 Air......Page 107
5.6 Seas......Page 109
5.7 Waste Management......Page 110
5.8 National Biodiversity Resources......Page 111
6 Enclosure of Global Commons and Global Welfare......Page 113
7 International Instruments......Page 126
8 Conclusion......Page 129
1 Environmental and Strategic Impact Assessment......Page 132
2 State Obligations......Page 138
2.1 Exchange of Information......Page 139
2.2 Notification......Page 140
2.3 Consultation......Page 141
2.4 Reporting/Monitoring......Page 142
3 Verification and Compliance......Page 144
4.1 International Instruments......Page 147
4.2 Application of Right to Information......Page 154
5 Conclusion......Page 158
1 State of Marine Environment......Page 159
2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management......Page 162
3.1 Law of the Sea Convention......Page 164
3.2 Pollution from Dumping......Page 166
3.3 Regional Management......Page 171
3.4 Pollution from Ships......Page 172
3.6 Safety Regulations......Page 177
4.1 Protection of the Northeast Atlantic......Page 179
4.2 Protection of the Baltic Sea......Page 180
4.3 UNEP Regional Seas Program......Page 181
5 Conclusion......Page 185
1 State of Water Resources......Page 187
2.1.1. Substantive Equity......Page 190
2.1.2. Procedural Equity and Institutional Development......Page 193
2.1.3. Principled Equitable Utilization or Ad Hoc Regionalism?......Page 195
2.2 Efficiency and Quality......Page 197
2.3.1. National......Page 200
2.3.2. International......Page 202
3 Case Law......Page 203
4 International Instruments......Page 206
5 Regional Instruments......Page 210
5.1 Africa......Page 211
5.2 Asia......Page 227
5.3 Middle East......Page 236
5.4 Europe......Page 241
5.4.1. Suprabasin Instruments......Page 242
5.4.2. Basin-Specific Instruments......Page 248
5.5.1. United States–Canada......Page 257
6 Conclusion......Page 261
1 State of World Fisheries......Page 262
2.1 Regulation......Page 263
2.2 Privatization......Page 265
3.1 Law of the Sea Convention......Page 268
3.2 Case Law......Page 269
3.3.1. Agreement on Fisheries Management......Page 276
3.3.2. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries......Page 281
3.4 Regional Agreements......Page 282
3.5.1. South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO)......Page 286
3.5.2. South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (SPFFA) and Western and Central Pacific Commission (WCPC)......Page 289
3.5.3. North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)......Page 293
3.5.4. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO)......Page 296
3.5.5. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT)......Page 299
3.5.6. General Fisheries Commission of the Mediterranean (GFCM)......Page 300
3.5.7. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)......Page 301
4 Conclusion......Page 304
1.1 State of Biodiversity Resources......Page 306
1.2 National and Transnational Protected Areas......Page 307
1.3 Gene Banks......Page 314
2.1.1. Biodiversity Protection......Page 317
2.1.2. Resource Allocation......Page 320
2.1.2.1. Market Value of Biodiversity......Page 321
2.1.2.2. Bilateral Redistribution......Page 322
2.1.2.3. Transnational Redistribution......Page 324
2.1.2.4. Institutionalized Redistribution......Page 330
2.2 Trade and Biodiversity......Page 332
3.1 World Heritage Sites......Page 334
3.2 Forests......Page 336
3.3 Wetlands......Page 340
4.1 Europe......Page 341
4.2 Africa......Page 344
4.3 South East Asia......Page 348
4.4 Antarctica......Page 350
4.5 Other Regional Instruments......Page 351
5.1 Protection of Migratory Species......Page 353
5.2 Protection of Whales......Page 355
5.3 Protection of Seals......Page 357
5.4 Other Agreements......Page 358
6 Conclusion......Page 360
8 Air Pollution......Page 361
1.1 Negotiating Process......Page 362
1.2.1. Protection of Ozone Layer......Page 364
1.2.2. Regulation of Ozone-Depleting Substances......Page 365
1.3 Conclusion......Page 373
2 Climate Change......Page 374
2.1 Negotiating Process......Page 375
2.2.1. Convention on Climate Change......Page 379
2.2.2. Regulation of Greenhouse Gases......Page 383
2.2.3. Market-Based Regulation of Greenhouse Gases......Page 387
2.3 Conclusion......Page 391
3 Transfrontier Air Pollution......Page 392
3.1.1. Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution......Page 394
3.1.2. Regulation of Air Pollutants......Page 395
3.2 Conclusion......Page 400
1 World Trade Institutions......Page 401
2 The Treaties......Page 402
3 Dispute Settlement......Page 403
3.1 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade......Page 404
3.2 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures......Page 412
4 Intellectual Property Rights and Trade......Page 417
4.1 Intellectual Property Rights Institutions and Trade......Page 419
4.2 Intellectual Property Rights and Pharmaceuticals......Page 427
4.3.1. Letter of TRIPs......Page 430
4.3.3. Seed Wars......Page 432
4.3.4. TRIPs and Traditional Knowledge......Page 434
4.3.5. TRIPs and Farmers’ Rights......Page 437
5 Conclusion......Page 438
1 State of International Waste Trade......Page 442
2.1 Landfill/Geologic Disposal......Page 443
2.4 Incineration......Page 444
2.5 Recycling and Reprocessing......Page 445
3.1 Hazardous Wastes......Page 446
3.2 Radioactive Wastes......Page 452
4.1.1. Management of Hazardous Wastes......Page 455
4.1.2. Management of Radioactive Wastes......Page 456
4.1.3. Management of Waste Trade......Page 458
4.2.1. Management of Hazardous Wastes......Page 459
4.2.2. Management of Radioactive Wastes......Page 461
4.2.3. Management of Waste Trade......Page 463
5 Conclusion......Page 464
11 Liability and State Responsibility......Page 466
1 Oil Pollution......Page 469
2.1 CRTD Convention......Page 474
2.2 HNS Convention......Page 477
2.3 Liability for Waste Trade......Page 479
3 Nuclear Energy......Page 480
4 Liability for Damage to the Environment......Page 484
5 State Responsibility......Page 486
6 International Liability......Page 493
7 Conclusion......Page 499
International Treaties and Other Instruments......Page 500
Cases......Page 509
Index......Page 513