International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Twelve-Volume Set: Volume 5

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
SENIOR EDITORS......Page 6
SECTION EDITORS......Page 8
GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
CONTENTS......Page 38
VOLUME 5......Page 47
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION......Page 64
FOREWORD by Mary Robinson......Page 76
FOREWORD by Rob Kitchin......Page 78
Habitus......Page 82
Relevant Websites......Page 84
Hägerstrand, Torsten (1916–2004)......Page 85
Further Reading......Page 89
Haggett, Peter (1933–)......Page 90
Further Reading......Page 93
Introduction......Page 94
Key Components of Touch......Page 95
Touch-Based Representations......Page 96
Relevant Websites......Page 98
Glossary......Page 100
Relevant Websites......Page 101
Hartshorne, Richard (1899–1992)......Page 102
Further Reading......Page 104
Harvey, David (1935–)......Page 105
Further Reading......Page 108
Introduction......Page 109
Health, Development, and Globalization: Economic Dimensions......Page 110
Health, Development, and Globalization: Social Dimensions......Page 111
Health, Development, and Globalization: Policy Dimensions......Page 113
Issues......Page 114
Further Reading......Page 115
The Turn to Health......Page 116
The Emergence of Health Geography......Page 118
The Practice of Health Geography......Page 120
Conclusion......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 126
Social Inequalities......Page 127
Area Inequalities......Page 128
Spatial Sorting......Page 130
Relevant Websites......Page 131
Explanations......Page 132
Key Features......Page 134
Geographical Engagement......Page 136
Summary......Page 137
Further Reading......Page 138
Introduction......Page 139
Overview of Health Systems......Page 140
Geography and Health Systems......Page 143
Geographical Factors in Assessing Health System Performance......Page 146
Do Health Systems Matter? Service Provision and Health Outcomes......Page 150
Relevant Websites......Page 151
Defining Access and Accessibility......Page 152
Role of GISs......Page 153
Patterns of Healthcare Accessibility......Page 155
Accessibility and the Utilization of Health Services......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 159
Rural websites......Page 160
Gramsci’s Adaptation of the Notion of Hegemony......Page 161
Interpretations and Uses of Gramsci in Social Theory......Page 163
Cox and Neo-Gramscian International Relations/International Political Economy......Page 166
Themes in Neo-Gramscian IR/IPE......Page 168
Geographies of Hegemony......Page 169
Non-Marxist Conceptions of Hegemony......Page 170
Relevant Websites......Page 171
Defining Heritage......Page 172
Policy and Governance......Page 173
Heritage Interpretation and Representation......Page 174
Authenticity......Page 175
The Politics of Heritage and Identity......Page 176
Further Reading......Page 177
Relevant Websites......Page 178
Introduction......Page 179
Traditional Geographical Approaches to the Study of Heritage and Culture......Page 180
Processes of Cultural and Heritage Change......Page 181
Forces for the Maintenance of Heritage(s) and Culture(s)......Page 182
Conclusion: Contemporary Heritage and Cultural Challenges......Page 183
Relevant Websites......Page 184
On Heritage and Economies: An Inevitable Ambivalence......Page 185
The Economics of Heritage......Page 186
Heritage in Economics......Page 187
Heritage in Economic Development Strategies......Page 188
Further Reading......Page 189
Introducing Heritage......Page 190
Heritage and National Identity......Page 192
Heritage Dissonance and Contested Identities......Page 194
Relevant Websites......Page 195
Introduction......Page 196
Challenging Heteronormativity......Page 199
Relevant Websites......Page 200
Hettner, Alfred (1859–1941)......Page 201
Further Reading......Page 202
Background: Impetuses of Geographical Research into the High-Tech Industry......Page 203
Locations and Spatial Patterns of HighTech Industry......Page 205
High-Tech Industry and Regional Development......Page 206
Critique of Literature on High-Tech Industry......Page 207
Further Reading......Page 208
Hinterlands in a Context of Sociospatial Relations......Page 209
Geography of Hinterland Development......Page 212
Critiques, Challenges......Page 214
Relevant Websites......Page 216
Approaches......Page 217
Themes in Rural Historical Geographies......Page 218
Relevant Websites......Page 226
Introduction......Page 227
Urban Historical Geography, the Beginnings......Page 228
Definitions, Methodology, and Theory: Forming the Contours of Urban Historical Geography......Page 229
Urban Historical Geography and the Cultural Turn in Geography......Page 230
Further Reading......Page 231
Setting a Place for History within Geography......Page 233
Research Foci within the Broad Field of Historical Geography......Page 234
Historical Geography in Review......Page 236
Further Reading......Page 238
Distinctive Emergence, to c. 1960......Page 239
Core Elaborations, from c. 1960......Page 240
Histories of Geographical Thought......Page 242
Relevant Websites......Page 243
Introduction......Page 244
Historical Materialism and Geography......Page 245
Contours of Historical-Geographical Materialism......Page 246
Relevant Websites......Page 249
A Brief History of AIDS in Developed Countries......Page 250
Medical Geography of AIDS......Page 251
Future......Page 252
Relevant Websites......Page 253
Introduction......Page 254
Exceptionalism and Moral Panic......Page 257
Management......Page 259
Relevant Websites......Page 260
Introduction......Page 261
Imaginative Home......Page 262
Homeland......Page 263
In Conclusion......Page 264
Relevant Websites......Page 265
Understanding Homelessness......Page 266
The Geographies of Homelessness......Page 268
Conclusions and Further Study......Page 270
Relevant Websites......Page 271
Introduction......Page 272
Restricted Visibilities of Rural Homelessness......Page 273
Statistical Assessments of Rural Homelessness......Page 274
Rural Homelessness and Welfare......Page 275
Further Reading......Page 276
Housing Tenure......Page 277
Housing Affordability......Page 279
Housing in Socialist Societies......Page 280
Further Reading......Page 281
The Social Gradient in Health and Everyday Living Conditions......Page 282
Housing as a Determinant of Health......Page 283
Neighborhoods and Health......Page 285
Further Reading......Page 286
Relevant Websites......Page 287
Introduction......Page 288
Increased Interest in Rural Markets......Page 289
Rural Economies and Ineffective Demand......Page 290
New Social Exclusions......Page 291
Planning Systems and the Supply of Land for Development......Page 292
Relevant Websites......Page 293
Background......Page 294
Optimization and Solutions......Page 295
Applications Air Passenger Systems......Page 296
Extensions......Page 297
Further Reading......Page 298
Human Geography......Page 299
What Is ‘Human Geography’?......Page 300
‘The Human’ in ‘Human Geography’......Page 302
Modern Geography, Human Geographies......Page 305
How Are Human Geographical Knowledges Produced?......Page 306
Who Has Benefited and Suffered from the Production of Human Geographical Knowledges?......Page 308
Where Have Human Geographical Knowledges Been Produced?......Page 309
Further Reading......Page 311
Relevant Websites......Page 312
History......Page 313
Universality......Page 314
Cultural Struggles Over Human Rights......Page 315
The Political Geography of Human Rights......Page 318
Further Reading......Page 319
Introduction......Page 320
‘Humanistic’ Geography before 1970......Page 321
The New Humanistic Geography, 1970–89......Page 323
Post-Humanism? Post-Humanistic Geography?......Page 330
Further Reading......Page 331
Introducing the Human-Nonhuman in ‘Human’ Geography......Page 332
Key Theorists of the Human-Nonhuman......Page 334
The Human-Nonhuman in Recent Geographical Writing......Page 336
Relevant Websites......Page 338
The Roots of Hybridity......Page 339
Psychoanalytical Theories of Cultural Hybridity......Page 340
Hybridity, Time, and Nature......Page 342
Against Hybridity: For ‘Ecological’ Thinking......Page 343
Further Reading......Page 344
Historical Context......Page 345
Hypothesis Testing and Quantification......Page 346
Contextualizing the Hypothesis-Testing Process......Page 348
Relevant Websites......Page 351
Idealism in the Collingwood Tradition......Page 352
Thought and Action......Page 354
Idealism in Geography......Page 355
Alternative Approaches......Page 356
Further Reading......Page 357
Introduction......Page 358
British Rural Studies and the Cultural Turn......Page 359
Rural Identities and National Identity......Page 360
Further Reading......Page 362
The Development of Politics of Identity since the Civil Rights Movement......Page 363
Overcoming the Paradox: Imagining Identity Politics Beyond Identity......Page 366
Further Reading......Page 367
Ideology......Page 368
Relevant Websites......Page 377
Contemporary Patterns and Types of Immigration......Page 378
Changing Perspectives on Immigration......Page 380
Immigration and the Nation-State......Page 382
Reemergence of Assimilation?......Page 385
Migrant-Centered Perspectives......Page 386
Conclusion......Page 387
Relevant Websites......Page 388
Background......Page 389
Immigration in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries......Page 390
A Typology of Immigrant Flows......Page 392
Immigration and Residence......Page 394
Further Reading......Page 396
Empires, Nations, and Cities......Page 398
Imperial Rome and Imperial Cities......Page 399
Imperial London, Empire Cities......Page 400
Further Reading......Page 402
Introduction......Page 403
Cultural Imperialism and Colonialism......Page 404
Contemporary Cultural Imperialism and Representation: Consumption, Tourism, and Media......Page 407
Relevant Websites......Page 409
Glossary......Page 411
Introduction......Page 412
Approaches......Page 413
Surveying the Spaces of American Imperialism......Page 414
Provincializing Europe......Page 415
Experiences of the Colonized......Page 417
Historical Economies of Imperialism......Page 420
Critical Review: Historical Geographies of Imperialisms......Page 421
Further Reading......Page 423
Relevant Websites......Page 424
Introduction......Page 425
Mapping the ‘Indian Ocean’: Histories, Categories, and Connections......Page 426
Growing Militarization of the Indian Ocean: The Great Base Race......Page 427
Growing Focus on the Maritime Geopolitical Economy: Development of Ports and the Shipping Sector in the Indian Ocean Rim......Page 428
Security of the Indian Ocean Sea Lanes of Communication......Page 429
Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, and Climate Change......Page 430
Revisiting ‘Indian Ocean Studies’: Looking Back and Forth......Page 431
Relevant Websites......Page 432
Glossary......Page 433
Historical Approaches to Indigeneity......Page 434
Contemporary Approaches to Indigeneity......Page 435
Relevant Websites......Page 438
Introduction......Page 439
Presence/Absence: The Paradox of Indigenous Geographies......Page 440
Possession/Dispossession: Challenging Erasure of Indigenous Geographies......Page 441
Rights/Charity: Representation of Indigenous Geographies......Page 442
Conclusion......Page 443
Further Reading......Page 444
Relevant Websites......Page 445
Indigenous Concepts of Health......Page 446
Current Patterns of Health and Well-Being......Page 447
Access to Contemporary and Traditional Healing Practices......Page 448
Geography and the Health of Indigenous Peoples......Page 449
Decolonizing Methodologies and Community-Based Approaches to Understanding Health......Page 450
Relevant Websites......Page 451
Introduction: Defining Indigenous Knowledge......Page 452
The Place of Indigenous Knowledge in Development......Page 453
Recording Indigenous Knowledge......Page 454
Indigenous Knowledge and Emerging Approaches to Natural Resource Management......Page 455
Further Reading......Page 456
Relevant Websites......Page 457
Indigenous People and Indigenous Knowledge......Page 458
Indigenous Mapping in North America......Page 459
Issues......Page 460
Conclusion......Page 462
Relevant Websites......Page 463
Definition......Page 464
Internal Geography......Page 465
Global Trends and Patterns......Page 466
Significance......Page 467
Further Reading......Page 468
Relevant Websites......Page 469
The Emilian Model and the Institutionalist Turn......Page 470
Traveling Theory: Industrial Districts outside the Third Italy......Page 471
Conclusion......Page 475
Further Reading......Page 476
Factories, Firms, Industries, and Places......Page 477
Location Factors and Factory Location......Page 478
Systems of Production......Page 479
Industrial Location and Public Policy......Page 481
Relevant Websites......Page 482
Glossary......Page 483
The Large Firm/MNC Model......Page 484
The Industrial District Alternative......Page 485
Conclusion......Page 486
Further Reading......Page 488
Introduction......Page 489
Locational Attributes: Sticky Place in Space of Flows......Page 490
Function of Industrial Parks in the Developing World......Page 491
Eco-Industrial Parks......Page 492
Relevant Websites......Page 493
Introduction......Page 494
Restructuring, ‘Strong’ Competition and Changes in Geographies of Production: Opportunities and Limits......Page 495
Eco-Restructuring......Page 498
Further Reading......Page 499
Explaining and Timing Industrialization......Page 500
Industrialization and Capitalism......Page 501
Industrialization and Modernization......Page 502
Costs and Benefits of Industrialization......Page 503
Geography and Industrialization......Page 504
Further Reading......Page 505
Relevant Websites......Page 506
Uneven Development and the Historical Geographies of Industry......Page 507
The Spatial Division of Labor and the Historical Geographies of Industry......Page 508
Place and the Historical Geographies of Industry......Page 511
Further Reading......Page 513
De.nitions, Expressions, and Measurements......Page 514
Marxist urban political economy......Page 517
Welfare geography......Page 518
Restructuring and the Resurgence in Inequality......Page 519
Further Reading......Page 525
Relevant Websites......Page 526
Conceptions and Measures of the Informal Sector......Page 527
Labor Markets, Growth, Urbanization, and the Informal Sector in Developed and Developing Countries......Page 529
Approaches to the Informal Sector......Page 530
Relevant Websites......Page 533
Definitions and Dichotomies......Page 535
The Specificity of Place......Page 536
Winners and Losers......Page 538
Relevant Websites......Page 539
The Purpose of Information Graphics: Graphics for Thinking versus Graphics for Communication......Page 540
A Reference Model for Creating Information Graphics......Page 542
Further Reading......Page 548
Relevant Websites......Page 549
Introduction......Page 550
The Software Bottleneck......Page 551
Custom Software Development and Software Engineering......Page 552
Packaged Software......Page 553
Open Source Software......Page 554
Further Reading......Page 555
Introducing the Informational City......Page 556
The Economic Basis of the Informational City......Page 557
The Informational City as Dual City......Page 558
Implications for Urban Theory......Page 559
Critiques and Challenges......Page 560
Relevant Websites......Page 561
Why Is Innovation Relevant – for Economic Geographers?......Page 562
Regional Innovation Theory......Page 564
Empirical Evidence for the Regional Implications of Innovation Processes......Page 568
Regional Innovation Policies......Page 569
Relevant Websites......Page 571
Introduction......Page 572
The Input–Output Model......Page 573
Using the Input–Output Model......Page 574
Multiplier Product Matrix and Structural Economic Landscape......Page 575
Input–Output Analysis and Structural Change......Page 576
Applications of Input–Output Models......Page 577
Further Reading......Page 578
Introduction......Page 580
Institutions and Economic Geography......Page 581
Institutional Geographies of Social Welfare and Control......Page 582
Institutions and State Restructuring......Page 583
Institutions and the Construction of Regions......Page 585
Relevant Websites......Page 587
Key Components of an SDI......Page 588
Current Drivers and Barriers......Page 590
The Future of SDI......Page 591
Relevant Websites......Page 592
Origins of Intensive/Extensive in Human Geography and the Social Sciences......Page 593
Intensive/Extensive in Methodology......Page 594
Intensive/Extensive in Space......Page 596
Relevant Websites......Page 597
A Response to Major Changes......Page 598
Research Institutions......Page 599
Interdisciplinary Practices......Page 600
Interdisciplinary Publishing......Page 601
Benefits and Obstacles......Page 602
Relevant Websites......Page 603
Schumacher’s Thesis......Page 604
Examples of Intermediate Technology......Page 605
Criticisms of Intermediate Technology......Page 607
Technology Leapfrogging......Page 608
Relevant Websites......Page 609
Brief History......Page 610
The Intermodal Concept......Page 611
Contemporary Freight Intermodalism......Page 612
Contemporary Passenger Intermodality......Page 613
Further Reading......Page 615
Relevant Websites......Page 616
Theoretical Approaches......Page 617
Global Governance......Page 618
Origins of International Financial Organizations......Page 619
The IMF......Page 620
The World Bank......Page 621
The WTO......Page 622
Global Power......Page 623
Wall Street......Page 624
Counter-hegemonic Organizations......Page 626
Further Reading......Page 627
Relevant Websites......Page 628
The Geography of International Student Mobility......Page 629
The Business of International Education: Political and Economic Implications......Page 630
International Standardization of Education......Page 633
Relevant Websites......Page 634
Calculating Distance in the Age of the Internet......Page 636
Moving Stuff: Atoms versus Information......Page 638
An Uneven Geography of Change and Challenge......Page 640
Change Is Real but Geography Remains Relevant......Page 641
Relevant Websites......Page 642
Internet Technology and Maps......Page 643
Maps on the Internet......Page 644
Maps and the Geodata Infrastructure......Page 648
Relevant Websites......Page 649
Glossary......Page 650
Locating the Nodes of the Internet......Page 651
Measuring Distance and Routes Across the Internet......Page 655
Conclusion......Page 659
Relevant Websites......Page 660
Conducting In-Depth, Semi-Structured Interviews......Page 661
Ethical Issues and Power Relations......Page 663
Conclusion......Page 664
Relevant Websites......Page 665
The Broad Contours of the Investment Promotion Community......Page 666
Some Geographical Dimensions of Investment Promotion......Page 668
Conclusions......Page 669
Relevant Websites......Page 670
Evolving and Varying De.nitions of Irredentism......Page 671
Examples of Irredentism......Page 673
Conclusion......Page 677
Relevant Websites......Page 678
Historiography of a Concept......Page 679
Urban Form and its Elements......Page 682
The Contemporary Islamic City......Page 684
Relevant Websites......Page 687
Challenges to Island Development......Page 688
Models of Island Development......Page 689
Conclusion......Page 690
Relevant Websites......Page 691
Introduction......Page 692
Geographical Threads......Page 693
Key Sites and Networks......Page 694
Geographical Societies and Journals......Page 695
Further Reading......Page 696
1830–1900: Slow Revivals......Page 697
1900–20: The Heyday of Ivy League Geography......Page 698
1945–Present: And Then There Was One......Page 699
Relevant Websites......Page 702