International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Twelve-Volume Set:

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
SENIOR EDITORS......Page 6
SECTION EDITORS......Page 8
GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
VOLUME 1......Page 38
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION......Page 64
FOREWORD by Mary Robinson......Page 76
FOREWORD by Rob Kitchin......Page 78
Introduction......Page 82
Geographies of Activism......Page 83
Activist Geographies......Page 86
Relevant Websites......Page 87
Introduction......Page 88
Toward More Fully Activist Geographies......Page 89
Activist Methodologies, Collaborations, and Everyday Life......Page 90
Responsible Activist Geographies......Page 91
Activism and Academia: Contradictory Spaces?......Page 93
Further Reading......Page 94
Relevant Websites......Page 95
Actor-Network Theory......Page 96
Moves into Geography – Bypassing Dualisms......Page 97
Network Geographies......Page 99
Further Reading......Page 100
Introduction......Page 101
Modes of Thinking Affect......Page 102
Relevant Websites......Page 105
Introduction: De.ning Africa......Page 106
Representing Africa II: Exploration, Colonialism, and Imperialism......Page 107
(Under)Developing Africa......Page 109
Postcolonial Africa......Page 110
Relevant Websites......Page 111
Introduction......Page 112
The Health of Older Populations......Page 113
Residence and Care......Page 114
Emerging Critical Perspectives......Page 115
Further Reading......Page 116
Migration and Old Age......Page 117
Relevant Websites......Page 122
Children’s Geographies......Page 123
Geographies of Older People......Page 125
Relational Geographies of Age......Page 126
Further Reading......Page 127
Relevant Websites......Page 128
The Core Issue of Economic Geography......Page 129
What Factors Make Up Agglomeration Economies?......Page 131
How Do Agglomerations Emerge and Develop – Historical Approaches......Page 132
Further Reading......Page 133
Definitions and Background......Page 135
Embodying and Theorizing Agoraphobia......Page 136
Gendered Boundaries......Page 137
Relevant Websites......Page 138
Introduction......Page 139
Early and High Medieval Europe......Page 140
The Early Modern Period......Page 142
The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries......Page 143
Further Reading......Page 144
Why Protect Agricultural Land......Page 146
Approaches for Preserving Agricultural Land......Page 147
The Future of Agricultural Land Preservation......Page 149
Relevant Websites......Page 150
High-Level Conceptualizations: Some Foundation Principles......Page 151
Widening and Grounding Key Principles and Concepts......Page 152
Agroecology and Ecological Modernization Perspectives......Page 153
The Sustainable Rural Development Paradigm in Europe......Page 155
Some Conceptual Building Blocks for the Sustainable Rural Development Paradigm......Page 156
Further Reading......Page 158
Developing an Environmentalist Critique of Modern Agriculture......Page 160
Toward Greener Farm Policies?......Page 161
Contested Models of Agri-Environmental Governance......Page 162
Further Reading......Page 164
Reasons for Giving Aid......Page 165
Changing Trends in Development Aid......Page 166
Aid Conditionality......Page 167
Humanitarian Aid......Page 168
Critical Contemporary Aid Debates......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 170
Relevant Websites......Page 171
What Is Amenagement du Territoire or Territorial Development?......Page 172
First Experiments......Page 173
The Five Great Dilemmas of Territorial Development......Page 174
Few Examples of Territorial Development Policies......Page 175
Further Reading......Page 179
Regional Perspectives......Page 180
Cultural Commonalities......Page 182
Contemporary Human Geography......Page 184
Further Reading......Page 187
Relevant Websites......Page 188
The Historical Relationship of Anarchism and Geography......Page 189
Anarchist Geographies: The Spatial Foundation of Anarchist Theory and Practice......Page 192
Anarchist Epistemologies of Freedom: Challenging and Reconstructing Geographic Knowledge and Planning Practice......Page 193
Further Reading......Page 195
Relevant Websites......Page 196
Is There an Anglo-American Hegemony in Geography Journals? The Empirical Evidence......Page 197
Publication Practices and the Production of the ‘Other’......Page 198
It Is Not Only a Matter of Publishing: The Issue of Access......Page 199
What about the Excluded? Critical Stances on the Anglo-American Hegemony Thesis......Page 200
Further Reading......Page 201
Zoogeographies......Page 203
New Animal Geographies......Page 204
Political-Economic Animal Geographies......Page 205
More-than-Human, or Hybrid, Animal Geographies......Page 206
Relevant Websites......Page 207
The Difficulty of Animal Welfare......Page 208
Redefining Animal Welfare......Page 209
A Shift of Responsibility......Page 211
Relevant Websites......Page 213
Antarctica in the Cold War Ideological Geopolitics (1950s and 1960s)......Page 214
Antarctica as a Continent of Science and Peace: 1950s and 1960s......Page 215
Growing Focus on the Resource Geopolitics: Southern Polar Region during 1970s and 1980s......Page 216
Antarctica as a ‘Natural Reserve’ Devoted to Peace and Science: Since the 1990s......Page 217
Imagining Antarctica as a World Park: Regulating Tourism......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 219
Relevant Websites......Page 220
Friedrich Ratzel......Page 221
Tracing Anthropogeography in Ratzel’s Work and Life......Page 222
Darwinian Concepts......Page 223
Competing Geographical Imaginations......Page 224
Anthropogeography as Imperialist Transformation of the Classical Paradigm of Geography......Page 225
Political Impact and Deterministic Content of Ratzel’s Geography......Page 226
Further Reading......Page 227
The Bridge between Human Geography and Anthropology......Page 229
Cultural Ecology as a Reunion......Page 230
Further Reading......Page 231
Origin and Context of the Term Anti-Geopolitics......Page 233
Anti-Geopolitics as (Radical) Politics......Page 234
Anti-Geopolitics as Perspective......Page 237
Relevant Websites......Page 238
Introduction: 100% Urban Proof......Page 240
Dislodging the Good Life, Disrupting the Rural......Page 241
Case Study: Edward Hopper’s New York......Page 243
Further Reading......Page 246
Relevant Websites......Page 247
From Segregation to Apartheid......Page 248
The Nature of Apartheid......Page 250
Towards Ending Apartheid......Page 251
Post-Apartheid......Page 252
Further Reading......Page 253
Relevant Websites......Page 254
The Concept of Useful Knowledge......Page 255
The Relationship between Pure and Applied Research......Page 256
The Value of Applied Geography......Page 257
Applied Geography and Public Policy......Page 258
Further Reading......Page 259
Documents of a Material Culture......Page 260
Archive Fever?......Page 262
Relevant Websites......Page 264
Migration, Expedition, and Inscription......Page 265
Science and State Colonialisms......Page 267
‘Nature’, the Economy, and Changing Research Initiatives......Page 268
Relevant Websites......Page 270
Introduction......Page 271
Symbol Saboteurs: Artists Who Use the Visual Iconography of the Map to Reference Personal, Fictional, Utopian, or Metaphorical P......Page 272
Agents and Actors: Artists Who Make Maps or Engage in Situated, Locational Activities in Order to Challenge the Status Quo or Ch......Page 273
Invisible Data Mappers: Artists Who Use Cartographic Metaphors to Visualize Informational Territories Such as the Stock Market,......Page 282
Conclusion......Page 286
Relevant Websites......Page 287
Spatial Knowledge Representation and Inference......Page 288
Expert Systems for Domain-Speci.c Problems......Page 290
Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge......Page 291
Intelligent Decision Support System – An Integration......Page 292
Conclusion......Page 293
Further Reading......Page 294
Asia as Other......Page 295
Asia as an Asian Intellectual Project......Page 297
Asia as Political Ideology and Populist Movement......Page 299
Relevant Websites......Page 300
Historical Background......Page 301
Types of Atlases......Page 302
Dissemination Medium......Page 303
Relevant Websites......Page 305
Colonial Origins and Imaginations......Page 306
Australasia as Ecoregion......Page 309
A Contemporary Australasia?......Page 310
Relevant Websites......Page 314
Four Forms......Page 315
Autobiography in Geography......Page 316
Further Reading......Page 319
Autobiography and Ethnography......Page 321
An Autoethnographic Sensibility......Page 322
Further Reading......Page 323
Genealogy of Auto-Photography......Page 325
Purposes of Auto-Photography......Page 327
Challenges......Page 331
Further Reading......Page 332
Introduction: Context and Thought......Page 333
Avant-Garde: Translating the Esthetic into Politics......Page 334
Conclusion: Politics......Page 336
Relevant Websites......Page 337
Introduction......Page 338
Airlines......Page 339
Airports......Page 342
Aircraft......Page 343
Relevant Websites......Page 344
The Meaning of the Word ‘Balkan’, the Border Issue......Page 346
A Geopolitical Region Where Major Powers Meet: The East, the West, an ‘In-Between’ Europe......Page 347
Balkan Civilization – Similarity Is Not Synonymous with Cohesion......Page 349
Modernity and Development......Page 351
Relevant Websites......Page 353
Barnes, T.......Page 354
Further Reading......Page 355
Beaujeu-Garnier, J.......Page 356
Relevant Websites......Page 357
A Brief Genealogy of Becoming......Page 358
Becomings/Geographies......Page 360
Conclusion......Page 361
Further Reading......Page 362
Introduction......Page 363
Early Development......Page 364
Consolidation......Page 366
Cognitive Maps......Page 368
Natural Hazards......Page 369
Attachment to Place......Page 370
Critique......Page 371
Continuity and Marginality......Page 372
Prospect......Page 373
Relevant Websites......Page 374
The Politics of Belonging......Page 375
Locating Geographies of Belonging......Page 376
Place, Identity, and Belonging......Page 377
Globalization and Belonging......Page 378
Conclusion......Page 379
Relevant Websites......Page 380
De.ning the Berkeley School......Page 381
The Parsons Era......Page 382
The Berkeley School and Cultural Geography......Page 383
Assessment......Page 384
Further Reading......Page 385
Berry, Brain J. L. (1934–)......Page 386
Further Reading......Page 388
The Biodiversity Crisis......Page 389
The Geography of Biodiversity......Page 391
Key Issues and Critical Perspectives......Page 392
Relevant Websites......Page 394
History......Page 395
Key Challenges within Biodiversity Mapping......Page 398
Relevant Websites......Page 399
Biopolitics and Place......Page 401
Horizontal Fix......Page 402
Further Reading......Page 403
Relevant Websites......Page 404
Bobek, Hans (1903–1990)......Page 405
Further Reading......Page 406
Mind/Body Dualism......Page 407
What Is the Body?......Page 408
Corporeal Geographies......Page 410
Further Reading......Page 411
Relevant Websites......Page 412
Glossary......Page 413
The Permeability of Borders......Page 414
The Dependency of Borderlands on Binational Relations......Page 415
Borderlands as Functional Spaces......Page 417
Borderlands as Everyday Spaces......Page 418
Further Reading......Page 419
Relevant Websites......Page 420
Bowman, Isaiah (1878–1950)......Page 421
Further Reading......Page 422
Toward a De.nition......Page 423
Impacts of Brain Drain......Page 424
Feedback Effects......Page 425
Policy Prescriptions and Possibilities......Page 426
Lack of Data......Page 427
Relevant Websites......Page 428
Introduction: Background to the Independent Commission on International Development Issues (the Brandt Commission) and Its Repor......Page 429
Membership of the Commission and the Schedule of Meetings......Page 431
The Principal Recommendations of the Brandt Commission......Page 432
An Evaluation of the Recommendations of the Brandt Commission......Page 434
Relevant Websites......Page 435
Introduction......Page 436
What Is the Brown Agenda?......Page 437
Tensions and Complementarities between the Green and Brown Agendas......Page 440
Further Reading......Page 441
Relevant Websites......Page 442
Buffer Zones as Peripheries of Territories......Page 443
Buffer States......Page 444
Buffer Zones and the International Frontier......Page 446
New Issues......Page 447
Further Reading......Page 448
De.ning Business Services......Page 449
Measuring Business Services in National Economies......Page 450
Characteristics of Business Service Firms......Page 451
Explaining the Growth of Business Service Firms......Page 452
Business Service Geographies – Global Cities, Service Offshoring, and the Second Global Shift......Page 453
Relevant Websites......Page 455
How Does Capital Work?: Mechanisms of Capital......Page 456
Capital and Space: Capital’s ‘Normal’ Spatiality......Page 457
Capital and Space: Capital’s Crisis-Spatiality......Page 459
Capital’s Consumption Spatiality......Page 460
Conclusion......Page 461
Further Reading......Page 462
Introduction......Page 463
Trying to Understand a Changing World......Page 464
Contesting Abstractions......Page 465
Capitalist Processes in the Making......Page 466
Geographies of Accumulation and Regulation......Page 468
and Opportunities......Page 469
Further Reading......Page 470
Glossary......Page 471
Introduction......Page 472
Theoretical and Conceptual Ideas......Page 473
Geographies of Early Capitalism......Page 477
Large Corporations, Political Regulation, Fordism, Mass Production, and Economies of Scale......Page 479
Conclusion......Page 481
Relevant Websites......Page 482
Geographies of Care and Caregiving......Page 483
Theorizing and Conceptualizing Care and Caregiving......Page 484
Places and Spaces of Care and Caregiving......Page 486
Toward an Inclusive Geography of Care and Caregiving......Page 487
Further Reading......Page 488
History of Animated Maps......Page 489
Temporal Animated Maps......Page 490
Temporal Re-Expression, Filtering, and Interpolation......Page 491
Problems and Limitations of Animation......Page 493
Relevant Websites......Page 494
Cultures of Mapmaking......Page 495
Cartographic Genres and Practices......Page 501
Functions and Purposes......Page 503
Cartography and Surveying in Iran in the Twentieth Century......Page 506
Relevant Websites......Page 508
Approaches to the History of Cartography......Page 509
Relevant Websites......Page 521
Types of Case Studies......Page 522
Methods Useful in Case Study Research......Page 523
Using the Case Study Approach to Teach Human Geography......Page 524
Further Reading......Page 525
Relevant Websites......Page 526
Introduction......Page 527
Rise and Decline of State Intervention in Southern Italy: The Cassa per il Mezzogiorno......Page 528
State, Regional Policy, and Southern Development in the Cassa’s Years: An Assessment......Page 534
Epilog......Page 535
Relevant Websites......Page 536
The Origins and Foundations of Categorical Data Methods......Page 537
Categorical Methods: Associations and Likelihoods......Page 538
Additional Categorical Methods and Approaches......Page 541
A Promising Spatial Direction for Categorical Data Methods......Page 542
Further Reading......Page 543