International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Twelve-Volume Set: Volume 6

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
SENIOR EDITORS......Page 6
SECTION EDITORS......Page 8
GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
CONTENTS......Page 38
VOLUME 6......Page 49
SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION......Page 64
FOREWORD by Mary Robinson......Page 76
FOREWORD by Rob Kitchin......Page 78
Jackson, P.......Page 82
Relevant Websites......Page 84
Introduction......Page 85
Saneshige Komaki and Japanese Geopolitics......Page 86
Hiroshi Sato and Dialectical Wechselwirkung......Page 87
Noboru Ueno’s Concept of ‘Humanly Created Environment’......Page 88
Fujio Mizuoka and the Theory of Space Subsumption......Page 89
Toward Resurrection......Page 90
Relevant Websites......Page 91
Johnston, Ronald John (1941–)......Page 92
Relevant Websites......Page 94
Origins and Development......Page 96
The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries......Page 97
The Production of ‘Colonial’ Geographical Knowledge......Page 99
Universities and Schools......Page 101
Further Reading......Page 104
Relevant Websites......Page 105
Origins of the Concept of Knowledge Communities......Page 106
Communities of Practice......Page 107
Knowledge Communities in Geography......Page 108
To What Extent are Knowledge Communities Scale Dependent?......Page 109
Further Reading......Page 110
Relevant Websites......Page 111
Origins of the Knowledge Economy: Empirical and Conceptual......Page 112
Socio-Spatial Organization of the Knowledge Economy......Page 113
The Knowledge Economy as Embedded and Politically Contested......Page 114
Further Reading......Page 116
Relevant Websites......Page 117
KIBS Functions......Page 118
Definitions The Emergence of KIBS......Page 119
Problems of KIBS Measurement......Page 120
The Modern Growth of KIBS and the Impacts of Consultancy......Page 121
Problems of KIBS Access and Evaluation......Page 122
KIBS Patterns within Cities......Page 123
Future Research Agendas......Page 124
Relevant Websites......Page 125
Kolossov, Vladimir (1953– )......Page 126
Relevant Websites......Page 129
Kriging......Page 130
Covariance Function/Variogram Estimation......Page 132
Parametric Variogram Models......Page 133
Rainfall Example......Page 134
Other Topics......Page 135
Relevant Websites......Page 136
Kropótkin, P.......Page 137
Relevant Websites......Page 139
Glossary......Page 140
Geographers and Labor Control......Page 141
The Control and Regulation of Labor in Place......Page 142
Geographies of Labor Control......Page 143
Globalization and Labor Control......Page 144
Conclusion......Page 145
Relevant Websites......Page 146
Economic Changes and Flexibility......Page 147
Analyzing Flexibility......Page 148
Geography and Labor Market Dynamics......Page 150
Further Reading......Page 151
Relevant Websites......Page 152
Introduction......Page 153
Key Themes within Labor Geography......Page 154
Internationalism......Page 155
New Forms of Work Organization......Page 156
Retrospect and Prospects for Labor Geography......Page 157
Relevant Websites......Page 159
Introduction: The History and Social Construction of the Labor Market......Page 160
Segmentation, Local and National Diversity: Developed and Developing Countries......Page 161
Globalization and Labor Market Restructuring......Page 162
Alternative Labor Market Responses to Globalization......Page 164
Relevant Websites......Page 165
Introduction......Page 166
Regional and Local Labor Markets as Socio-Institutional Constructs......Page 167
Geographical Variations in Labor Market Opportunities......Page 168
Policy Issues and Perspectives......Page 169
Conclusion......Page 170
Relevant Websites......Page 171
On the Structure of Labor Unionism......Page 172
Geography and Labor Unionism......Page 173
Areas of Focus......Page 174
Further Reading......Page 176
Relevant Websites......Page 177
Lacoste, Yves (1929– )......Page 178
Relevant Websites......Page 179
Historical Development......Page 180
Biological and Social Evolution......Page 181
Influence in US Geography......Page 183
Kropotkin and the Mutual Aid Tradition......Page 184
Vidal’s Regional Geography......Page 185
Environment, Race, and Heredity......Page 186
Relevant Websites......Page 187
Land Change in Global Environmental Change......Page 188
Land–Cover Consequences......Page 189
Synthesis......Page 190
LCS in Geographic Context......Page 191
Relevant Websites......Page 192
Historical Foundations of Land Rent Theory......Page 193
Current Developments in Land Rent Theory......Page 194
Further Reading......Page 198
Land, Law, and Identity: Historical and Legal Constructions......Page 199
Indigenous Property in the British Empire......Page 200
Indigenous Land Rights in the Twentieth Century......Page 201
Land Rights and Geographical Imagination......Page 202
Further Reading......Page 203
Relevant Websites......Page 204
From Cultural Materialism to the Textual Turn......Page 205
Critical Landscapes: Political Economy and Gender......Page 208
Other Landscapes: From the Nation-State to the Colonial Periphery......Page 209
From a ‘Way of Seeing’ to a Bodily Encounter......Page 210
Further Reading......Page 211
Introduction......Page 213
Borrowing from Art History: Toward an Iconographic Method......Page 214
Landscape as a Way of Seeing......Page 215
Critical Themes in Contemporary Iconographic Research......Page 217
Relevant Websites......Page 220
Introduction: Terminology......Page 221
Quantitative Methods......Page 222
Qualitative Methods......Page 223
Further Reading......Page 226
Geography of Language(s)......Page 227
Languages of Geography......Page 230
Language and Geography......Page 231
Conclusions......Page 232
Relevant Websites......Page 233
Geographers and Language: A Brief History......Page 234
Methods and Techniques of Language Analysis......Page 235
Place, Landscape, and Language......Page 237
The Language of Geography: English as lingua franca......Page 238
Further Reading......Page 239
Influences on, and of, Structuralism......Page 240
The Structuralist Method of Analysis......Page 241
Unequal Exchange between Center and Periphery......Page 242
From an Outward-Oriented to an Inward-Oriented Development Process......Page 243
The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Renewal of Structuralism......Page 244
Relevant Websites......Page 245
The Convergence of Law and Geography......Page 246
Seeing the Legal in the Spatial......Page 248
Doing Legal Geography......Page 250
Further Reading......Page 252
Introduction......Page 253
What Is a ‘Learning Region’?......Page 254
Critique of Learning Regions......Page 255
Learning and Innovation in Regional Economies......Page 256
Conclusions: Learning Regions in a Globalizing Knowledge Economy......Page 257
Further Reading......Page 258
Dimensions of Leisure......Page 260
Recent Social and Spatial Transformations in Leisure......Page 262
Leisure Geographies......Page 264
Relevant Websites......Page 267
Lesbian Politics and Key Debates......Page 268
Urban Beginnings......Page 269
Lesbian Ruralities......Page 270
Questioning ‘Lesbian’: Theorizing Sexuality and Identity in Space......Page 271
Queering Identities......Page 272
Further Reading......Page 273
Ley, David (1947–)......Page 274
Relevant Websites......Page 275
The Liberal Individual......Page 276
Governing through Liberty......Page 280
Liberal Economies......Page 283
Relevant Websites......Page 287
Glossary......Page 288
Conceptual Distinctions......Page 289
Contributions of Contemporary Geography on Life Courses......Page 290
Issues for Continued Attention......Page 291
Further Reading......Page 292
Development of Literary Geography in the 1970s and 1980s......Page 293
Literary Geography and the Cultural Turn......Page 295
Further Reading......Page 298
Relevant Websites......Page 299
The Livelihood Approach: History and Definition......Page 300
Livelihood Diversification......Page 302
Relevant Websites......Page 304
Novelties......Page 306
The Theoretical Background......Page 307
Local Productive System and Endogenous Development......Page 308
The False Dichotomies in Local Development......Page 310
The Role of the Territory: A Regulatory Tool......Page 311
Local Development Policies and Strategies: Some Guidelines......Page 312
Further Reading......Page 313
LED as Relational Process......Page 314
LED as a Qualitative Process......Page 315
The Holistic Dimension of LED and Its Risks: From Territorial Competitiveness to Territorial Reification......Page 317
Relevant Websites......Page 319
Historical Background......Page 320
Characteristic Framings......Page 321
Further Reading......Page 324
Introduction......Page 326
‘Local Knowledge’ and the (Im)possibility of a View from Nowhere......Page 327
The ‘Locality Approach’......Page 328
The Relational Turn in Economic Geography......Page 329
Hierarchies, Scales, or Networks......Page 330
Global Challenges, Local Responses......Page 331
Global–Local in Wider Social Theory and Science......Page 332
Geographies of Flows and Places......Page 333
Further Reading......Page 335
Relevant Websites......Page 336
Introduction......Page 337
Origins of Localities Analysis......Page 338
The Rise of Locality Studies......Page 340
Conclusions: The Long Legacy of Locality Studies......Page 341
Further Reading......Page 342
Historical Developments......Page 344
Trade Area Delineation......Page 345
Normative Modeling......Page 347
Contributions to Human Geography......Page 348
Retrospect and Prospect: Location Analysis Moving Forward......Page 349
Further Reading......Page 350
Explanation......Page 351
Issues......Page 356
Further Reading......Page 357
Glossary......Page 358
The Dimensions of Logistics......Page 360
Further Reading......Page 364
Relevant Websites......Page 365
The Origins and Foundations of Longitudinal Methods......Page 366
The Language of Longitudinal Methods......Page 369
Types of Longitudinal Methods......Page 371
Conclusion......Page 372
Further Reading......Page 373
Investigative Themes and Sites......Page 374
Further Reading......Page 377
Lowenthal, David (1923–)......Page 379
Further Reading......Page 380
Three Spaces and Three Times......Page 381
The Institutionalization of Human Geography in Portugal and Brazil......Page 383
Lusophone Geography in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century......Page 384
Contemporary Geography in Lusophone Spaces......Page 387
Further Reading......Page 388
Relevant Websites......Page 389
Mackinder, Halford (1861–1947)......Page 390
Relevant Websites......Page 392
Introduction......Page 393
Origins and Evolution......Page 394
Malls as Spectacles and Cultural Forms......Page 395
Downtown Suburbia and Polycentric Urban Geography......Page 396
Outlook......Page 397
Relevant Websites......Page 398
Drivers of Map Hacking......Page 399
Google Maps Hacking......Page 400
From Hacking to Mainstream: Mashups......Page 401
Critiques......Page 402
Relevant Websites......Page 403
Interactive Map Functionality......Page 404
Notable Interactive Mapping Applications......Page 407
Summary......Page 408
Relevant Websites......Page 409
Map Collections in the Digital Era......Page 410
Making Geodata Accessible to the User......Page 411
Threats and Responsibilities for Map Libraries in the Digital Era......Page 412
Relevant Websites......Page 413
What People See: Psychophysical Studies......Page 415
Map Learning......Page 417
Geographic Visualization......Page 418
Further Reading......Page 419
Glossary......Page 420
Introduction......Page 425
Dimensions of Organizational Difference......Page 426
The Flexible Spatial Information Economy......Page 428
Relevant Websites......Page 430
Commercial Mapping......Page 432
Relevant Websites......Page 436
Maps in Cyberspace......Page 437
Maps of Cyberspace......Page 440
Maps for Cyberspace......Page 442
Conclusion......Page 446
Relevant Websites......Page 447
Map and Image Collections......Page 449
Digital Globes......Page 450
Collaborative Publishing Using Web 2.0......Page 451
Relevant Websites......Page 452
Approaches to Non-Western Mapping in Geography......Page 453
Characteristics of Western Mapping......Page 454
Characteristics of Non-Western Mapping......Page 455
Regional Scholarship and Collections......Page 462
Relevant Websites......Page 464
Introduction......Page 466
Negotiating the Binaries......Page 467
Knowledge Communities and Mapping......Page 469
The Practice of Science......Page 470
Humanizing Mapping......Page 472
Critical and Emancipatory Cartographies......Page 474
Relational Thinking: Toward Practice......Page 476
Further Reading......Page 478
Mapping Difference......Page 479
Definition......Page 481
Social Construction of Race......Page 482
Taylor’s Zones and Strata Theory of World Evolution......Page 483
Mapping the Races of Europe......Page 484
Ethnicity and Boundary Making in the Balkans......Page 486
Conclusions......Page 488
Relevant Websites......Page 489
Introduction......Page 490
Topographic Maps in the Twentieth Century......Page 491
The Content and Appearance of Topographic Maps......Page 495
Relevant Websites......Page 501
The Map Discourse Function......Page 502
The History of Mapmaking......Page 503
The Rise of Mapmaking in the Early Modern State......Page 506
Further Reading......Page 511
Critical Perspectives: Maps Act in Use......Page 512
Is to Govern to Map?......Page 513
Further Reading......Page 515
Relevant Websites......Page 516
Glossary......Page 517
Further Reading......Page 522
Introduction......Page 523
Spaces of the State System......Page 524
Extending the State......Page 526
Surveying the American West......Page 528
The State Goes Global......Page 529
The Present State of Cartography......Page 532
Cartographic Violence......Page 533
Further Reading......Page 534
Relevant Websites......Page 535
One-Dimensional Markov Chains......Page 536
Transiograms......Page 537
Markov Chain Random Fields......Page 538
Issues......Page 539
Relevant Websites......Page 541
Introduction......Page 542
Fundamentals of a Marxist Approach......Page 543
The Historical Development of Capitalism and Long-Turn Tendencies toward Crisis......Page 545
Key Schisms in Marxist thought and Practice......Page 546
The Construction of a Marxist Geography......Page 548
Debates About the Relations between Marxism, Social Relations, and Space......Page 550
Marxist Geography in the 1990s......Page 551
The Continuing Relevance of a Marxist Perspective to the Geographical Imagination......Page 552
Further Reading......Page 553
Introduction......Page 555
Critiques of Marxist Thought......Page 556
The Question of Post-Marxism(s)......Page 559
Revised or Post-Marxist Geographies?......Page 560
Critiques of Revisionist Marxist Geography......Page 564
The Future of (Post-) Marxist Geographies......Page 565
Further Reading......Page 566
Theorizations of Men and Masculinities......Page 567
Geography of Masculinities......Page 568
Masculinism in Geography......Page 569
Challenging Masculinist Research Practices with Feminist Methodologies......Page 570
Methods of Researching Men and Masculinities......Page 571
Further Reading......Page 572
Introduction......Page 573
Developments within Geographies of Masculinities......Page 574
Relevant Websites......Page 577
Massey, Doreen (1944–)......Page 578
Relevant Websites......Page 580
Material Geographies......Page 581
Cultural Materialism......Page 582
Post-Materialist Materialism......Page 583
Visual Culture......Page 584
Relevant Websites......Page 585
Objects and Landscapes......Page 586
Relevant Websites......Page 591
McDowell, L.......Page 592
Further Reading......Page 593
Relevant Websites......Page 594