International Criminal Law Practitioner Library: Volume 2, Elements of Crimes under International Law (The International Criminal Law Practitioner) (v. 2)

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 17
Table of Authorities......Page 20
1 An overview of crimes under international law......Page 35
1.1 Legal sources for definitions of crimes under international law......Page 39
1.2 Structure of crimes under international law......Page 43
2 Crimes against humanity......Page 48
2.1.1 Development through the Second World War......Page 52
2.1.2 Post-Second World War development......Page 56
2.1.3 Developments through the ad hoc Tribunals and beyond......Page 60
2.2 Elements of crimes against humanity......Page 65
2.2.1.1 ICTY: armed conflict as a jurisdictional requirement......Page 66
2.2.1.2 ICTR: discriminatory basis as a jurisdictional requirement......Page 67
2.2.2.1 Preliminary question: whose conduct and mental state may satisfy the contextual general requirements?......Page 69
2.2.2.2 The attack requirement......Page 75
2.2.2.3 The targeting requirement......Page 76
2.2.2.4 The ‘widespread or systematic’ requirement......Page 85
2.2.2.5 The first contextual requirement: the underlying offence as part of the attack......Page 87
2.2.2.6 The second contextual requirement: the knowledge that the offence is part of the attack......Page 88
2.2.3 Underlying offences......Page 90
2.2.3.1 Murder......Page 91
2.2.3.2 Extermination......Page 94
2.2.3.3 Enslavement......Page 99
2.2.3.4 Deportation......Page 102
2.2.3.5 Imprisonment......Page 109
2.2.3.6 Torture......Page 112
2.2.3.7 Rape......Page 118
2.2.3.8 Persecution on political, racial, and religious grounds......Page 122
2.2.3.9 Other inhumane acts......Page 133
2.3.1.1 The Rome Statute......Page 138
2.3.1.2 The Elements of Crimes......Page 144
2.3.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)......Page 149
2.3.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)......Page 154
2.3.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)......Page 162
2.3.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT) (also known as the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT))......Page 166
3 Genocide......Page 172
3.1.1 Development through the Second World War......Page 178
3.1.2 Post-Second World War development......Page 180
3.1.3 Developments in the ad hoc Tribunals and beyond......Page 187
3.2 Elements of genocide......Page 188
3.2.1 General requirements......Page 190
3.2.1.1 Preliminary question: who must have the genocidal intent?......Page 191
3.2.1.2 Genocidal intent......Page 193
3.2.1.3 Requirement of actual membership in the group?......Page 207
3.2.2 Underlying offences......Page 210
3.2.2.1 Killing......Page 212
3.2.2.2 Causing serious bodily or mental harm......Page 215
3.2.2.3 Deliberate infliction of eventually destructive conditions of life......Page 217
3.2.2.4 Prevention of births......Page 220
3.2.2.5 Forcible transfer of children......Page 221
3.3 Elements of conspiracy to commit genocide......Page 222
3.4 Elements of direct and public incitement to commit genocide......Page 225
3.5 Elements of attempt to commit genocide......Page 231
3.6.1.1 The Rome Statute......Page 232
3.6.1.2 The Elements of Crimes......Page 235
3.6.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)......Page 240
3.6.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)......Page 241
3.6.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT) (also known as the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT))......Page 244
4 War crimes......Page 247
Article 2: Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949......Page 249
Article 3: Violations of the laws or customs of war......Page 251
Article 4: Violations of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II......Page 252
4.1.1 Ancient to modern conceptions of war crimes......Page 253
4.1.2 The birth of modern international humanitarian law sanctioning war crimes......Page 257
4.1.3 The distinction between international and non-international armed conflict in war crimes law......Page 261
4.1.4 Contribution of the ad hoc Tribunals to the development of war crimes law......Page 264
4.2.1 General requirements for war crimes......Page 266
4.2.1.1 Existence of an armed conflict......Page 267
4.2.1.2 Nexus between the underlying offence and the armed conflict......Page 273
4.2.1.3 Additional general requirements for grave breaches of the Geneva conventions: war crimes committed in international armed conflict......Page 277
4.2.1.4 Additional general requirement for violations of Common Article 3 and Additional Protocol II under Article 4 of the ICTR Statute: war crimes committed in non-international armed conflict......Page 290
4.2.1.5 Additional general requirements for violations of the laws or customs of war under Article 3 of the ICTY Statute: war crimes committed in any armed conflict......Page 292
4.2.2 Underlying offences......Page 297
4.2.2.1 Destruction of property......Page 298
4.2.2.2 Hostage-taking......Page 304
4.2.2.3 Inhuman treatment or cruel treatment......Page 305
4.2.2.4 Murder or wilful killing......Page 307
4.2.2.5 Outrages upon personal dignity......Page 309
4.2.2.6 Plunder, pillage, or extensive appropriation......Page 312
4.2.2.7 Rape......Page 314
4.2.2.9 Terror......Page 315
4.2.2.10 Torture......Page 318
4.2.2.11 Unlawful attack on civilians and civilian objects......Page 319
4.2.2.12 Unlawful confinement......Page 321
4.2.2.14 Violence to life and person......Page 322
4.2.2.16 Other underlying offences......Page 324
4.3.1.1 The Rome Statute......Page 325
4.3.1.2 The Elements of Crimes......Page 331
4.3.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)......Page 338
4.3.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)......Page 344
4.3.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)......Page 346
4.3.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT) (also known as the Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT))......Page 348
5 Cumulative convictions and sentencing......Page 352
5.1 Cumulative and alternative charging......Page 353
5.2.1 Pre-Čelebići jurisprudence......Page 358
5.2.2 The February 2001 Čelebići Appeal Judgement......Page 360
5.2.3 Application of the Čelebići test to different statutory crimes (\'inter-article\' convictions)......Page 365
5.2.4 Application of the Čelebići test to different underlying offences of the same statutory crime (ćintra-articleć convictions)......Page 368
5.2.4.1 Intra-article convictions for crimes against humanity......Page 369
5.2.4.2 Intra-article convictions for war crimes......Page 382
5.2.4.3 Intra-article convictions for genocide......Page 383
5.2.5 Effect of trial chamber error in failing to convict cumulatively when cumulative convictions are available......Page 388
5.3 Sentencing......Page 390
5.3.1 No coherent sentencing practice......Page 393
5.3.2 No hierarchy of crimes......Page 397
5.3.3 The Appeals Chamber’s interference in sentence determination by trial chambers......Page 401
6 Conclusion......Page 404
6.1 The content and context of international crimes......Page 405
6.1.1 Definitions of the crimes should not refer only to the accused or the physical perpetrator......Page 406
6.1.2 The elements of the crimes and the elements of the forms of responsibility answer separate legal inquiries......Page 407
6.1.3 Judgements should specify, in their dispositions, the precise conduct for which the accused has been convicted......Page 408
6.2 The relative importance of the crimes in the different courts and tribunals......Page 409
6.3 Variations in the definitions of crimes in the different courts and tribunals......Page 413
6.4 The need for a more coherent conviction and sentencing practice......Page 417
Annex Elements of core international crimes and sample combinations with forms of responsibility......Page 421
1.3 Forcible displacement......Page 424
2.1 General requirements for crimes against humanity......Page 425
2.4 Enslavement as a crime against humanity......Page 426
2.8 Rape as a crime against humanity......Page 427
2.9 Persecution as a crime against humanity......Page 428
2.10 Other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity......Page 430
3.3 Genocide by causing serious bodily harm......Page 431
3.6 Genocide by prevention of births......Page 432
4.1 General requirements for all war crimes......Page 433
4.4 Additional general requirements for violations of the laws or customs of war under Article 3 of the ICTY Statute......Page 434
4.6 ‘Wanton destruction’ of property as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 435
4.8 ‘Destruction or wilful damage to institutions dedicated to religion, charity and education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments and works of art and science’ as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 436
4.11 Inhuman treatment as a grave breach......Page 437
4.14 Murder as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 438
4.16 ‘Extensive appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly’ as a grave breach......Page 439
4.19 Rape as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 440
4.22 Terror as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 441
4.25 Unlawful attack on civilians as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 442
4.28 Unlawful confinement as a violation of the laws or customs of war......Page 443
5. Sample combinations of elements of crimes and forms of responsibility......Page 444
5.1.2 Joint Criminal Enterprise, Second Category (JCE II)......Page 445
5.1.4 Superior Responsibility......Page 446
5.1.5 Aiding and Abetting......Page 447
5.1.7 Instigating......Page 448
5.2.1 Joint Criminal Enterprise, First Category (JCE I)......Page 449
5.2.2 Joint Criminal Enterprise, Second Category (JCE II)......Page 450
5.2.4 Superior Responsibility......Page 451
5.2.5 Aiding and Abetting......Page 452
5.2.6 Planning......Page 453
5.2.8 Ordering......Page 454
5.3.2 Joint Criminal Enterprise, Second Category (JCE II)......Page 455
5.3.4 Superior Responsibility......Page 456
5.3.6 Planning......Page 457
5.4.1 Joint Criminal Enterprise, First Category (JCE I)......Page 458
5.4.3 Joint Criminal Enterprise, Third Category (JCE III)......Page 459
5.4.4 Superior Responsibility......Page 460
5.4.6 Planning......Page 461
5.4.8 Ordering......Page 462
5.5.1 Joint Criminal Enterprise, First Category (JCE I)......Page 463
5.5.3 Joint Criminal Enterprise, Third Category (JCE III)......Page 464
5.5.4 Superior Responsibility......Page 465
5.5.6 Planning......Page 466
5.5.8 Ordering......Page 467
Index......Page 469