International Business Law and Its Environment

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
TABLE OF CASES......Page 20
TABLE OF TREATIES......Page 25
TABLE OF STATUTES......Page 27
PREFACE......Page 29
PART ONE: THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS......Page 39
Economic Interdependence......Page 41
Forms of International Business......Page 43
Conducting Business in Developing and Newly Industrialized Countries......Page 59
Countries in Transition: Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Newly Independent Republics of the Former Soviet Union......Page 68
Managing the Risks of International Business......Page 69
International Law......Page 84
Some General Concepts of Public International Law......Page 102
International Organizations......Page 104
Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Corporate Codes of Conduct......Page 108
Comparative Law: Differences in National Laws and Legal Systems......Page 111
Avoiding Business Disputes......Page 122
Alternate Dispute Resolution......Page 123
Litigation......Page 127
Conflict of Laws......Page 139
Enforcement of Foreign Judgments......Page 145
Commercial Disputes with Nations......Page 148
PART TWO: INTERNATIONAL SALES, CREDITS, AND THE COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION......Page 151
Introduction to Contracts for the International Sale of Goods......Page 153
The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods......Page 157
Validity and Formation of International Sales Contracts......Page 161
Performance of Contracts......Page 177
Remedies for Breach of Contract......Page 181
Events Beyond the Control of the Parties: Excuses for Nonperformance......Page 188
Cultural Influences on Contract Negotiations......Page 192
CHAPTER FIVE: THE DOCUMENTARY SALE AND TERMS OF TRADE......Page 198
Transaction Risk......Page 199
The Documentary Sale......Page 200
Allocating Shipping Responsibilities and the Risk of Loss......Page 212
The Liability of International Air Carriers......Page 228
Liability for the Carriage of Goods by Sea......Page 238
The Liability of Ocean Transportation Intermediaries......Page 252
Marine Cargo Insurance......Page 254
The Bill of Exchange......Page 264
The Letter of Credit......Page 269
PART THREE: INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. TRADE LAW......Page 295
The Separation of Powers......Page 297
The Treaty Power......Page 303
Executive Agreements......Page 306
U.S. Trade and Tariff Legislation......Page 309
Trade Agreements......Page 311
Federal–State Relations......Page 313
Federal Agencies Affecting Trade......Page 318
CHAPTER NINE: GATT LAW AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 325
Introduction to Trade Regulation......Page 326
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade......Page 331
The World Trade Organization......Page 334
GATT/WTO Dispute–Settlement Procedures......Page 336
GATT 1994: Major Principles of Trade Law......Page 339
Nondiscrimination, Most Favored Nation Trade, and National Treatment......Page 342
GATT and the Elimination of Quotas......Page 347
The General Principle of Least Restrictive Trade......Page 358
Technical Barriers to Trade......Page 361
Import Licensing Procedures......Page 371
Government Procurement......Page 372
Trade in Services......Page 374
Trade in Agriculture......Page 376
Trade in Textiles and Clothing......Page 381
Other WTO Trade Agreements......Page 382
Trade Sanctions and U.S. Section 301: The Threat of Retaliation......Page 383
The Double-Edged Sword of Import Regulation......Page 393
Safeguards Against Injury......Page 394
Unfair Import Laws: Dumping and Antidumping Duties......Page 403
Unfair Import Laws: Subsidies and Countervailing Duties......Page 411
Judicial Review in International Trade Cases......Page 416
The Administration of Customs and Tariff Laws......Page 421
Dutiable Status of Goods......Page 435
U.S. Trade Preferences for Developing Countries......Page 456
Other Customs Laws Affecting U.S. Imports......Page 460
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE REGULATION OF EXPORTS......Page 468
Trade Controls over Arms, Munitions, and Defense Systems......Page 469
National Security and Foreign Policy Issues......Page 470
History of U.S. Export Control Laws......Page 475
Export Controls on Commercial and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies......Page 478
The President’s Emergency Powers During Peace and War......Page 489
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE LAW......Page 500
The North American Free Trade Area......Page 501
Rules of Origin......Page 505
Trade in Goods: Sectoral Issues......Page 511
Trade in Services......Page 513
Cross-Border Investment......Page 517
Other NAFTA Provisions......Page 520
Administration and Dispute Settlement......Page 523
Production Sharing: Assembly Plants and the Mexican Maquiladoras......Page 526
The Free Trade Area of the Americas......Page 530
The Philosophy of Economic Integration......Page 536
European Union......Page 541
Other Regional Trade Areas......Page 556
PART FOUR: REGULATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETPLACE......Page 567
Regulation of Relationships with Representatives......Page 569
Regulation of Advertising Abroad......Page 573
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act......Page 578
Reasons for Intellectual Property Transfer Arrangements......Page 595
Intellectual Property Rights: Transfer Arrangements......Page 596
International Protection for Patents, Trademarks, and Other Intellectual Property......Page 597
The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health......Page 603
Nonenforcement of IPR Laws......Page 608
The Mechanics of IPR Transfer Regulations......Page 612
The Gray Market......Page 613
Franchising: Licensing Outside the Technological Context......Page 616
Host-Country Corporate Law Affecting Foreign Investment......Page 621
Minority Ownership Investments......Page 622
Controlling Currency Risk......Page 635
Theories Relating to Takings of Foreign Property......Page 643
Guarding Against Political Risk......Page 649
Preparation for Privatization......Page 660
Models of Privatization......Page 663
General Directions of Labor Law Abroad......Page 674
Employment Discrimination Outside the United States......Page 677
Foreign Laws Permitting Dificult Work Conditions......Page 690
Consideration of Varying Environmental Requirements......Page 699
Traditional International Remedies......Page 701
Emerging Problems and Solutions......Page 711
Historical Development of International Competition Law......Page 727
Basic Regulatory Framework......Page 728
Distinctions of Non-U.S. Competition Law......Page 741
Extraterritorial Effect of Competition Laws......Page 744
A UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS......Page 758
INDEX......Page 770