Interfacing Bioelectronics and Biomedical Sensing

Preface
Contents
Challenges in the Design of Large-Scale, High-Density, Wireless Stimulation and Recording Interface
	1 Introduction
	2 Cancellation of Artifacts During Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording
		2.1 Stimulation Artifact Cancellation by Circuit Design
		2.2 Stimulation Artifact Cancellation by Digital Signal Processing
		2.3 Stimulation Artifact Cancellation by a Complete System Design
	3 Focalized Stimulation
	4 High-Density Electrode Array
		4.1 Scaling Trend of Neural Interfaces
		4.2 Actively Multiplexed, Flexible Electrode Arrays
			4.2.1 Rationale and Concept
			4.2.2 Capacitively Coupled Arrays of Multiplexed Flexible Silicon Transistors for Chronic Electrophysiology
	5 Gigabit Wireless Link
		5.1 Design Consideration
			5.1.1 Bandwidth/Data Rate Requirement
			5.1.2 Power Constraint
			5.1.3 Transmission Distance
		5.2 State-of-the-Art Gigabit Wireless Telemetry
		5.3 High-Density Gigabit Wireless Neural Recording System
	6 Future Large-Scale, High-Density Wireless Stimulation and Recording System
		6.1 System Architecture
		6.2 Outlook
	References
Advances in Bioresorbable Electronics and Uses in Biomedical Sensing
	1 Introduction to Bioresorbable Electronics
		1.1 Motivation and Classification
		1.2 Background
	2 Overview and Advancements of Constituent Resorbable Materials
		2.1 Conductor
			2.1.1 Inorganic
			2.1.2 Organic
		2.2 Semiconductor
			2.2.1 Inorganic
			2.2.2 Organic
		2.3 Insulator: Dielectric
			2.3.1 Inorganic
			2.3.2 Organic
		2.4 Insulator: Substrate
			2.4.1 Inorganic
			2.4.2 Organic
		2.5 Insulator: Encapsulation Layer
			2.5.1 Inorganic
			2.5.2 Organic
	3 Applications in Biomedical Engineering
		3.1 Energy Supply
			3.1.1 Batteries
			3.1.2 Mechanical Energy Harvesters
			3.1.3 Microsupercapacitors
		3.2 Biosensing
			3.2.1 Electrophysiologic Monitoring
			3.2.2 Environmental Sensing
			3.2.3 Elastic Sensors for Electrophysical, Chemical, and Mechanical Sensing
		3.3 Therapeutics
			3.3.1 Heat-Stimulated Drug Release
			3.3.2 Tissue Regeneration
			3.3.3 Multifunctional Therapies
	4 Summary and Outlook
	References
Inorganic Dissolvable Bioelectronics
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Semiconductors
		2.2 Conductors
		2.3 Insulators
	3 Manufacturing Processes
	4 Functional Components and Systems
		4.1 Power Supply Components
		4.2 Functional Transformation and Active Control
		4.3 Biomedical Implants
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Wirelessly Powered Medical Implants via Radio Frequency
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Near-Field WPT
		1.2 Batteryless Direct Stimulation
		1.3 Battery-Based Stimulation
		1.4 Remote-Controlled Stimulation
		1.5 Multi-coil Stimulation
	2 Far-Field WPT
	3 Midfield WPT
	4 Future Directions and Conclusion
	References
Electrocardiogram: Acquisition and Analysis for Biological Investigations and Health Monitoring
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 The Studied Animal Model: Zebrafish
		1.3 Electrocardiogram
		1.4 The Structure of This Chapter
	2 The Nature of Electrocardiogram (ECG)
		2.1 Pacemaker Action Potential
		2.2 Cardiomyocyte Action Potential
		2.3 Electrophysiological Pathway of the Cardiac System, the ECG
	3 ECG Acquisition Methods
		3.1 Contact Electrode
			3.1.1 Wet Electrode
			3.1.2 Dry Electrode
		3.2 Noncontact Electrodes (NCE)
	4 ECG Acquisition, Processing, and Analysis in Zebrafish
		4.1 Microelectrode Array (MEA) Membranes
		4.2 Simple-Yet-Novel Housing for ECG Measurement of Awake Zebrafish
		4.3 Zebrafish ECG Analysis
	5 ECG monitoring in humans
	6 Discussion and Outlook
		6.1 Current Wearable Technology
		6.2 Connecting Findings in Animal Research with Diagnosis and Prognosis in Humans
		6.3 The Promise of Artificial Intelligence
	7 Conclusion
	References
Flexible Intravascular EIS Sensors for Detecting Metabolically Active Plaque
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Atherosclerosis
		1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Relevance to Atherosclerosis
		1.3 Equivalent Circuit Model for EIS
	2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Implementation
		2.1 Four-Point EIS
		2.2 Concentric Bipolar Electrodes (CBE)
		2.3 CBE for In Vivo Animal Study
		2.4 Two-Point Symmetric Configuration
		2.5 3-D EIS Interrogation in NZW Rabbit Model
	3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Epidermal EIT Electrode Arrays for Cardiopulmonary Application and Fatty Liver Infiltration
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fundamental Principle of EIT
		1.2 Nonlinear Inverse Problem for EIT Imaging
		1.3 EIDORS Open-Source Tools
	2 EIT for Cardiopulmonary Application
		2.1 Motivation
		2.2 EIT in Mechanically Ventilated Patients During Surgery or ICU
		2.3 EIT for Pulmonary Perfusion
		2.4 EIT for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
		2.5 EIT in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
		2.6 EIT in Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		2.7 Discussion and Outlook
	3 EIT for Liver Fat Infiltration
		3.1 Motivation
		3.2 Simulation Study
			3.2.1 Change of Geometric Boundaries
			3.2.2 Change in the Size of the Liver
		3.3 NZW Rabbit Model
		3.4 EIT for Clinical Translation
		3.5 Discussion and Outlook for EIT in Liver Fat Infiltration
	4 Conclusion and Future Direction
	References
High-Frequency Ultrasonic Transducers to Uncover Cardiac Dynamics
	1 High-Frequency Ultrasonic Transducers
	2 Emerging Applications for Small Animal Models
		2.1 High-Frequency Transducer for Mouse
		2.2 High-Frequency Transducer for Zebrafish
	References
Minimally Invasive Technologies for Biosensing
	1 Introduction
	2 Point-of-Care Devices
	3 Wearable Biosensors
	4 Minimally Invasive Sensing with Wearable Biosensors
		4.1 Biomarker Sensing
		4.2 Electrophysiological Sensing
	5 Edible Biosensors
	6 Microneedle-Based Biosensors
	7 Smart Bandages
	8 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Index