Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System

Preface\n	References\nContents\nContributors\nChapter 1: Introduction\n	1.1 The Rapidly Expanding World of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs)\n	1.2 Historical Perspective of Nanoparticle-Induced Immunotoxicity\n	1.3 Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to ENMs\n	1.4 Physicochemical Properties of ENMs that Determine Immunotoxicity\n	1.5 Biocorona Formation and Recognition of ENMs by the Immune System\n	1.6 Translocation of ENMs across Biological Barriers\n	1.7 Oxidative Stress in the Immune Response to ENMs\n	1.8 ENMs and Immune-Mediated Diseases\n	1.9 ENM Interaction with the Microbial World and Implications for Immunity\n	1.10 Methods for Assessing the Immunotoxicity of ENMs\n	References\nChapter 2: Macrophages: First Innate Immune Responders to Nanomaterials\n	2.1 Introduction\n	2.2 Macrophage Recognition and Uptake of ENMs\n	2.3 ENM Signaling via Toll-Like Receptors\n	2.4 Role of Scavenger Receptors in ENM Recognition and Signaling\n	2.5 The Respiratory Burst: Innate Defense Mechanism with the Risk of Collateral Damage\n	2.6 Inflammasome Activation\n	2.7 Macrophage Polarization\n	2.8 Consequences of ENMs in Impairment of the Sentinel Function of Macrophages\n	References\nChapter 3: Nanomaterials and Neutrophils\n	3.1 Inflammation: Introducing the Main Players\n	3.2 Neutrophil Traps: A Necessary Nuisance?\n	3.3 Effects of Nanomaterials on Neutrophils\n	3.4 Inflammasomes: Double-Edged Swords?\n	3.5 Lessons from Studies of Biomaterials\n	3.6 Effect of Neutrophils on Nanomaterials\n	3.7 Concluding Remarks\n	References\nChapter 4: Mast Cells and Nanomaterials\n	4.1 Introduction\n	4.2 Mast Cell\n		4.2.1 Origins and Characterization\n		4.2.2 Early-Phase Activation\n		4.2.3 Late-Phase Activation\n		4.2.4 Mast Cell Role in Adaptive Immunity\n		4.2.5 Mast Cell Role in Disease\n	4.3 ENM Interaction with Mast Cells\n		4.3.1 In Vitro Evidence\n		4.3.2 In Vivo Evidence\n	4.4 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 5: Impact of Nanoparticles on Dendritic Cells\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 Effect of NP Chemical Composition on DC Function\n	5.3 Effects of Particle Size on DC Function\n	5.4 Effect of Surface Modification on DC Function\n	5.5 Suppressive Effects on DC Maturation\n	5.6 DC and Lung Allergic Responses\n	5.7 Inflammasome Activation in DC\n	5.8 Targeting to DC-SIGN\n	5.9 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 6: Complement Activation by Nanomaterials\n	6.1 Activation of the Complement System by Nanoparticles\n	6.2 Common Assays for Measuring Complement Activation\n	6.3 Measurement of Deposition of Complement Factors on Nanoparticles\n	6.4 Emerging Role of Natural Antibodies in Complement Activation\n	6.5 Role of Protein Corona in Complement Activation\n	6.6 Proinflammatory Response Elicited Due to Complement Activation on Nanoparticles\n	6.7 Emerging Strategies to Prevent Complement Activation\n	6.8 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 7: Translocation, Biodistribution, and Fate of Nanomaterials in the Body\n	7.1 Introduction\n	7.2 Pulmonary Exposures\n		7.2.1 Types of Pulmonary Exposures\n			7.2.1.1 Inhalation Exposures\n				Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs\n			7.2.1.2 Pharyngeal Aspiration\n				Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs\n			7.2.1.3 Intratracheal Instillation\n				Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs\n			7.2.1.4 Intranasal Installation\n				Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs\n		7.2.2 Mechanisms of Particle Translocation After Pulmonary Exposure\n	7.3 Oral Exposures\n		7.3.1 Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs\n	7.4 Dermal Exposures\n		7.4.1 Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs\n		7.4.2 Mechanisms of Particle Translocation\n	7.5 Other Exposure Route Studies\n	7.6 Toxicity\n		7.6.1 Pulmonary Exposures\n		7.6.2 Oral Exposure\n		7.6.3 Dermal Exposure\n		7.6.4 Other Exposures\n	7.7 Potential Pathology of Secondary and Tertiary Nanomaterial Exposures\n		7.7.1 Changes in Nanomaterial Physical Characteristics as a Result of Translocation in a Biological System\n	7.8 Discussion\n	7.9 Conclusion\n	References\nChapter 8: Oxidative Stress and Redox Modifications in Nanomaterial–Cellular Interactions\n	8.1 Introduction\n	8.2 Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Cellular Redox Stress\n	8.3 Common Redox-Sensitive Cellular Processes Impacted by ENMs\n	8.4 Inflammatory Cascades\n	8.5 ER Stress, Apoptosis, and Autophagy\n		8.5.1 Cytoskeleton Dynamics\n	8.6 Protein Thiols as Critical Targets of Cellular Redox Stress\n		8.6.1 Measurement of Protein Redox Modifications\n	8.7 ENM-Induced Protein Redox Modifications\n	8.8 Conclusions and Perspectives\n	References\nChapter 9: Allergy and Immunity Induced by Nanomaterials\n	9.1 Immunity Behind Allergic Inflammation\n		9.1.1 Allergic Airway Inflammation and Asthma\n		9.1.2 Allergic Skin Inflammation\n			9.1.2.1 Atopic Dermatitis\n			9.1.2.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis\n	9.2 Effect of Engineered Nanomaterials on Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation\n		9.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials\n		9.2.2 Nanocelluloses\n		9.2.3 Metal Oxides\n	9.3 Engineered Nanomaterials and Allergic Skin Inflammation\n		9.3.1 Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials on Atopic Dermatitis\n		9.3.2 ENM and Contact Dermatitis\n	9.4 Conclusions and Take-Home Message\n	References\nChapter 10: Nanomaterial Effects on Viral Infection\n	10.1 Introduction\n	10.2 Multiple Environmental Stressors\n	10.3 Viral Infections and Public Health Impacts\n	10.4 Nanoparticle Exposure and Viral Infection\n	10.5 Nanoparticle and Viral Exposure Routes and Scenarios\n	10.6 Immune Response to Viruses\n	10.7 Viral-Related Immune Mechanisms Perturbed by NMs\n		10.7.1 Direct Interaction Between NMs and Biological Molecules\n			10.7.1.1 Interaction of NPs with Protein Corona\n			10.7.1.2 Interaction of NMs with Viruses\n			10.7.1.3 Interaction of NMs with Host Cells\n		10.7.2 Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Related Signaling Pathways\n		10.7.3 Production of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction\n			10.7.3.1 Stimulation of Autophagy\n		10.7.4 Inflammasome Activation\n		10.7.5 Modulation of Lipid Signaling Networks\n	10.8 Future Perspectives\n	References\nChapter 11: Immunotoxicity Testing – In Vitro Cell Culture Models\n	11.1 Introduction\n	11.2 Cellular Elements of the Innate and Adaptive Human Immune Systems\n	11.3 Immunotoxicity Testing\n	11.4 Alternative Methods to Assess Immunotoxicity\n	11.5 Human Immune Cell Models\n		11.5.1 Epithelial Cell Cultures\n		11.5.2 Monocytes/Macrophages\n		11.5.3 Dendritic Cells\n		11.5.4 T Cells\n		11.5.5 B Cells\n	11.6 Human Cell Co-cultures\n		11.6.1 Lung Tissue\n		11.6.2 Intestinal Tissue\n		11.6.3 Skin Tissue\n	11.7 Conclusions\n	References\nIndex