Inter-act: interpersonal communication concepts, skills, and contexts

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 22
 1. AN ORIENTATION TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION......Page 32
   Messages......Page 34
   We Meet Goals......Page 42
   We Conduct Our Relationships......Page 43
   Interpersonal Communication Is Transactional......Page 44
   Interpersonal Communication Reveals Relationship Qualities......Page 45
   Interpersonal Communication Is Continuous......Page 46
  Ethics and Interpersonal Communication......Page 47
  The Dark Side of Interpersonal Communication......Page 48
   DIVERSE VOICES: Lessons from American Experience......Page 49
  Diversity and Interpersonal Communication......Page 50
   Acquire Interpersonal Communication Knowledge......Page 51
   Increase Interpersonal Communication Skill......Page 52
   Be Motivated to Demonstrate Competence......Page 53
   Create Interpersonal Communication Improvement Plans......Page 54
  Understanding Social Media and Interpersonal Communication......Page 55
   Traits of Social Media Technology......Page 56
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 58
  Summary......Page 59
   Analyze and Apply......Page 60
   Communication Improvement Plan......Page 62
 2. SOCIAL COGNITION: UNDERSTANDING OTHERS AND OURSELVES......Page 64
   Attention......Page 66
   Memory......Page 68
   Judgment......Page 69
   DIVERSE VOICES: Just Walk on By......Page 73
  Self and Social Cognition: Thinking About Yourself......Page 75
   Self-Concept and Self-Esteem......Page 76
   Self-Concept Development......Page 77
   Messages, Feedback, and Self-Concept......Page 80
   Improving Self-Concept and Self-Esteem......Page 82
   Defining Emotion......Page 84
   Types of Emotions......Page 85
  Improving Social Cognition......Page 86
  Forming Impressions on Social Media......Page 87
  Summary......Page 89
   Key Words......Page 90
   Analyze and Apply......Page 91
 3. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION......Page 94
  Culture and Communication......Page 96
  Dominant and Co-Cultures......Page 97
   Race......Page 98
   Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity......Page 99
   Generation......Page 100
   Cultural Identity......Page 101
  How Cultures Differ......Page 102
   Time Orientation......Page 103
   The Importance of Context for Sharing Meaning......Page 104
   The Value of the Individual vs. the Group......Page 105
   DIVERSE VOICES: Individualism and Collectivism......Page 107
   Attitudes Toward Predictability and Uncertainty......Page 109
   Attitudes About Social Power Distribution......Page 110
   Masculine vs. Feminine Orientation......Page 111
   Norms About the Use of Emotions......Page 112
  Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication......Page 113
   Ethnocentrism......Page 114
   Incompatible Communication Codes......Page 115
   Requisite Attitudes......Page 116
   Developing Culture-Specific Knowledge and Skills......Page 117
   Internal and External Outcomes......Page 119
  Social Media Across Cultures......Page 120
  Summary......Page 121
   Key Words......Page 122
   Analyze and Apply......Page 123
   Communication Improvement Plan: Intercultural Communication......Page 124
 4. VERBAL MESSAGES......Page 126
   What Is a Language?......Page 127
   DIVERSE VOICES: “Mommy, Why Does Raj Talk Funny?”......Page 129
   Characteristics of Language......Page 131
  Meaning in the Language Itself......Page 133
   Guidelines for Improving Message Semantics......Page 134
   Speech Acts......Page 144
   The Cooperative Principle......Page 146
   Guidelines for Improving Pragmatic Understanding......Page 148
  Meaning Within the Social and Cultural Context......Page 149
   Guidelines for Improving Sociolinguistic Understanding......Page 152
  Using Language to Relate Online......Page 154
  Summary......Page 155
   Analyze and Apply......Page 156
   Skill Practice......Page 157
   Communication Improvement Plan: Verbal Communication......Page 158
 5. NONVERBAL MESSAGES......Page 160
   Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication......Page 162
   Functions of Nonverbal Messages......Page 163
   Body Language......Page 166
   Paralanguage......Page 168
   Use of Space......Page 169
   Self-Presentation......Page 171
  Culture and Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication......Page 173
   Cultural Differences......Page 174
   DIVERSE VOICES: Latin American and Anglo American Use ofPersonal Space in Public Places......Page 175
   Gender Differences......Page 177
  Nonverbal Expectations......Page 179
   Interpreting a Violation......Page 180
   Sending Nonverbal Messages......Page 181
   Interpreting Nonverbal Messages......Page 182
  Nonverbal Communication in Text......Page 184
  Summary......Page 185
   Key Words......Page 186
   Skill Practice......Page 187
   Communication Improvement Plan: Nonverbal Communication......Page 188
 6. COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF RELATIONSHIPS......Page 190
   The Constitutive Function......Page 192
   The Indexical Function......Page 193
  Describing Relationships......Page 194
  How Relationships Change: Relationship Life Cycles......Page 198
   Stage One: Beginning Relationships......Page 199
   DIVERSE VOICES: Modern Love: Close Enough to Touch Was Too Far Apart......Page 200
   Stage Two: Developing Relationships......Page 202
   Stage Three: Sustaining Relationships......Page 205
   Stage Four: Relationship Decline......Page 210
  Self-Disclosure and Privacy in Relationships......Page 212
   Guidelines for Self-Disclosure......Page 216
   Guidelines for Privacy......Page 217
  Public and Private Online......Page 219
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 220
  Summary......Page 221
   Analyze and Apply......Page 222
   Communication Improvement Plan: Relationships......Page 224
 7. LISTENING EFFECTIVELY......Page 226
   Personal Styles of Listening......Page 228
   Listening Apprehension......Page 231
   Dual Processes in Listening......Page 233
   Attending......Page 234
   Understanding......Page 235
   Remembering......Page 240
   Critically Evaluating......Page 241
   Responding......Page 243
  Digital Listening Skills......Page 244
   Attending to and Understanding Digital Messages......Page 245
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU......Page 246
  Summary......Page 247
   Analyze and Apply......Page 248
   Skill Practice......Page 249
   Communication Improvement Plan: Listening......Page 250
 8. HOLDING EFFECTIVE CONVERSATIONS......Page 252
   Characteristics of Conversations......Page 254
  Variation in Conversation......Page 256
   Purposes......Page 257
   Sequence......Page 259
   Tone......Page 260
   Setting......Page 261
   General Conversation Guidelines......Page 262
   Starting a Conversation......Page 265
   Sustaining a Conversation......Page 267
   Closing a Conversation......Page 270
  Cultural Variations in Conversation......Page 271
  Digital Conversation Skills......Page 272
   DIVERSE VOICES: Conversational Ballgames......Page 273
   Multiplicity of Conversations......Page 275
   Abruptness of Disengagement......Page 276
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 277
   Analyze and Apply......Page 278
   Skill Practice......Page 279
   Communication Improvement Plan: Conversation......Page 280
 9. SUPPORTING OTHERS......Page 282
   Three Types of Empathy......Page 284
   Guidelines for Improving Empathy......Page 287
  Supportive Interactions......Page 288
   DIVERSE VOICES: “Which Is My Good Leg?”......Page 289
   Creating a Supportive Climate......Page 292
   Validating Emotions......Page 293
   Encouraging Reappraisals......Page 294
   Promoting Action with Advice......Page 299
  Supporting Positive Feelings: Celebratory Support......Page 302
  Using Social Media to Offer Empathy and Support......Page 303
   Increased Presence of Others......Page 304
   Memorializing Others Through Digital Communication......Page 305
  Summary......Page 306
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 307
   Analyze and Apply......Page 308
   Skill Practice......Page 309
   Communication Improvement Plan: Empathizing and Supporting......Page 310
 10. USING INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE......Page 312
   Sources of Power......Page 314
   Principles of Power......Page 316
   Processing Persuasive Messages: The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)......Page 317
   Persuading Automatic Processors......Page 319
   Persuading Extensive Processors......Page 322
  Asserting Rights and Expectations......Page 325
   Approaches to Communicating Rights and Expectations......Page 327
   Assertive Message Skills......Page 330
   Assertiveness in Cross-Cultural Relationships......Page 335
  Electronic Influence......Page 336
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 337
  Summary......Page 338
   Analyze and Apply......Page 339
   Skill Practice......Page 341
   Communication Improvement Plan: Assertive Communication......Page 344
 11. MANAGING CONFLICT......Page 346
  Types of Interpersonal Conflict......Page 349
  Styles of Managing Interpersonal Conflict......Page 350
   Withdrawing......Page 351
   Competing......Page 352
   Collaborating......Page 353
   Face Negotiation Theory......Page 355
   Co-Cultures and Individual Differences in Conflict......Page 356
  Destructive Conflict Patterns......Page 357
   Counterblaming......Page 358
   Demand-withdrawal......Page 359
   Break Patterns of Destructive Conflict......Page 360
   Create Collaborative Conflict Conversations......Page 362
   DIVERSE VOICES: The Power of Wastah in Lebanese Speech......Page 365
  Forgiveness: Repairing Relationships Damaged by Conflict......Page 368
  Conflict Online......Page 369
   Flaming......Page 370
   Cyberbullying......Page 371
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 372
  Summary......Page 373
   Analyze and Apply......Page 374
   Skill Practice......Page 377
   Communication Improvement Plan: Conflict Management......Page 378
 12. COMMUNICATING IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: Long-Term Romantic Relationships, Family, and Friends......Page 380
  Intimate Relationships and Interactions......Page 382
   Characteristics of Successful Long-Term Romantic Relationships......Page 383
   Challenges in Long-Term Romantic Relationships......Page 385
  Families......Page 391
   Parent–Child Communication......Page 392
   DIVERSE VOICES: Performing Commitment......Page 393
   Parenting Styles......Page 397
   Family Communication Patterns......Page 398
   Modeling......Page 399
   Communication in Other Types of Family Relationships......Page 400
   Guidelines for Improving Family Communication......Page 401
  Friendships......Page 403
   Gender Differences in Same-Sex Friendships......Page 404
   Friendship and Sex......Page 405
  The Dark Side of Intimate Relationships: Infidelity, Jealousy, and Possessiveness......Page 406
   Jealousy......Page 407
   Digital Communication Skills in Personal Relationships......Page 409
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 410
  Summary......Page 411
   Analyze and Apply......Page 412
   Communication Improvement Plan: Intimate Relationships......Page 414
 13. COMMUNICATION IN WORKPLACE RELATIONSHIPS......Page 416
   Communicating in Managerial Relationships......Page 418
   Communicating in Co-worker Relationships......Page 422
   Communicating in Customer and Vendor Relationships......Page 425
   Mentoring Relationships......Page 427
   Workplace Friendships......Page 429
   Romantic Relationships at Work......Page 430
   Culture-Based Work Style......Page 431
   DIVERSE VOICES: Kaigi: Japanese Style Business Meetings......Page 433
   Gendered Linguistic Style in the Workplace......Page 435
   Intergenerational Communication Issues......Page 437
  Improving Workplace Performance Through Feedback......Page 438
   Asking for Feedback......Page 439
   Constructively Criticizing......Page 440
   Responding to Negative Feedback (Criticism)......Page 443
   Aggression at Work......Page 445
   Sexual Harassment......Page 448
   Using Social Media Responsibly and Effectively......Page 449
   Using Social Media Strategically and Wisely......Page 450
   Using Social Media Professionally......Page 451
  A QUESTION OF ETHICS: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?......Page 452
  Summary......Page 453
   Analyze and Apply......Page 454
   Skill Practice......Page 455
   Communication Improvement Plan: Workplace Communication......Page 456
Glossary......Page 458
References......Page 472
Photo Credits......Page 484
Index......Page 486
End paper......Page 498