Intensified Sediment Disasters in Japan : The 2011 Kii Peninsula Torrential Rain Disasters

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
1. Introduction
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Kii Peninsula Disasters
	1.3 Research and Analysis of Kii Peninsula Disaster
	1.4 Purpose of This Book
	1.5 Outline of This Book
	References
2. Intensification of Sediment Disasters in the World and in Japan
	2.1 What Happens in the World?
		2.1.1 Global Warming and Extreme Weather
		2.1.2 Sediment Disasters in the World
		2.1.3 2009 Debris Flow Disaster in Xiaolin Village, Taiwan [18]
		2.1.4 2010 Debris Flow Disaster in Zhouqu County, China [19]
		2.1.5 2012 Philippine Typhoon Bopha Disaster [20-22]
	2.2 What Happens in Japan
		2.2.1 A Disaster-Prone Country
		2.2.2 Sediment Disasters in Japan
		2.2.3 2012 Sediment Disaster at Northern Kyushu [29,30]
		2.2.4 2013 Debris Flow Disaster at Izu-Oshima Island [31,32]
		2.2.5 2014 Debris Flow Disaster at Hiroshima [33,34]
		2.2.6 2017 Heavy Rain Disaster at Northern Kyushu [37,38]
		2.2.7 2018 Heavy Rain Disaster in Western Japan [39]
		2.2.8 2019 Eastern Japan Typhoon Disaster [40]
		2.2.9 2020 July Heavy Rain Disaster [41]
	2.3 Summary
	References
3. Rainfall Characteristics of Severe Tropical Storm Talas and Topographical and Geological Features of the Kii Peninsula
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Rainfall Characteristics Related to the Disaster
		3.2.1 Rainfall Caused by Typhoon
		3.2.2 Comparison of Heavy Rainfall Distribution and Disaster Concentration Areas
		3.2.3 Transition of Rainfall Intensity and Return Periods
		3.2.4 Precursors of Collapse and Preceding Rainfall
		3.2.5 Relationship between Rainfall and Large-Scale Slope Failure
	3.3 Topography and Geology
		3.3.1 Topographical Outline
		3.3.2 Geological Outline
		3.3.3 Structure of Accretionary Complex
		3.3.4 Summary
	References
4. Disasters in Nara Prefecture
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Large-Scale Slope Failure
		4.2.1 Tsubonouchi Area in Tenkawa Village
		4.2.2 Nigoridani Area in Totsukawa Village
		4.2.3 Nojiri Area in Totsukawa Village
		4.2.4 Factors of Large-Scale Slope Failures in Accretionary Complexes
			4.2.4.1 Vulnerability
			4.2.4.2 Structural Orientation
			4.2.4.3 Hydrologic Conditions
	4.3 Surface Failure
		4.3.1 Relationship with Rainfall
		4.3.2 Topographic Features
		4.3.3 Mechanism of Surface Failure
	4.4 Damages along Rivers
		4.4.1 Damage of Revetment Works and Hinterland
		4.4.2 Damage of Bridges
		4.4.3 Sediment Inflow
		4.4.4 Inundation due to River Channel Blockage
		4.4.5 Peculiar Example
	4.5 Summary
	References
5. Disasters in Wakayama Prefecture
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Geological Characteristics in the Southern Part of Wakayama Prefecture [1,2]
	5.3 Characteristics of Rainfall That Caused Geotechnical Disasters
	5.4 Large-Scale Slope Failures Occurred in Accretionary Prism
		5.4.1 Topography and Geological Characteristics of the Collapsed Area
		5.4.2 Large-Scale Slope Failures with Geological Structure Like Dip Slope
		5.4.3 Large-Scale Slope Failure without Geological Structure Like Dip Slope
	5.5 Surface Failures and Debris Flow in Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks
		5.5.1 Kumano Acid Igneous Rocks [9-11]
		5.5.2 Kumano Group
	5.6 Damage to Structures around Rivers
		5.6.1 Progress in River Improvement and Scale of Flood Damage
		5.6.2 Damages Caused by 'Unexpected' Heavy Rain
		5.6.3 Damage of the River Levee
		5.6.4 Collapse of EPS Backfill
		5.6.5 Bridge Damage (Pier Displacement, Overturning)
		5.6.6 River Maintenance and Damage Caused by 'Unexpected' Heavy Rains
		5.6.7 'Unexpected' Heavy Rain and Damage to Structures around Rivers
	5.7 Damage to Cultural Property
		5.7.1 Cultural Properties of Wakayama and the Damage due to Severe Tropical Storm Talas
		5.7.2 Damage to Kumano Nachi Taisha Shrine
		5.7.3 Future Tasks for Disaster Prevention of Cultural Heritages
	5.8 Summary
	References
6. Disasters in Mie Prefecture
	6.1 Introductions
	6.2 Large-Scale Slope Failures
		6.2.1 Large-Scale Slope Failure at Higashimata Valley
		6.2.2 Conditions of the Kajiyamata Valley
		6.2.3 Rainfall Conditions in the Vicinity of the Large-Scale Slope Failures
	6.3 Surface Failures
		6.3.1 Conditions of Surface Failures in the Higashi-Kishu Region
		6.3.2 Relationship between Precipitation and Slope Failures at the Higashi-Kishu Region
	6.4 World Heritage
		6.4.1 Yokogaki Pass on the Iseji Route, Kumano Kodō
		6.4.2 Damage to the Yokogaki Pass
	6.5 River Disasters [7]
		6.5.1 Omata River
		6.5.2 Ido River
		6.5.3 Kumano River and Onodani River
	6.6 Summary
	References
7. Slope Protection Measures in Japan and Restoration and Recovery Measures in the Kii Peninsula Disaster
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Slope Failure Protection Works in Japan
		7.2.1 Classification and Definition of Slopes and Sediment Disasters
		7.2.2 Outline of Slope Protection Works
		7.2.3 Measures for Slope Failure
		7.2.4 Measures for Rockfall
		7.2.5 Measures against Bedrock Collapse
		7.2.6 Measures for Landslide
		7.2.7 Measures for Debris Flow
	7.3 Slope Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project in the Kii Peninsula Disaster
		7.3.1 Slope Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project in Nara Prefecture
			7.3.1.1 Measures after a Major Collapse in the Akadani Area of Totsukawa Village [6-8]
			7.3.1.2 Measures after a Major Collapse in the Nagatono Area of Totsukawa Village [6,7]
			7.3.1.3 Measures after a Large-Scale Slope Failure in the Ui (Shimizu) Area of Gojo City [6,7]
		7.3.2 Restoration and Reconstruction Projects in Wakayama Prefecture
			7.3.2.1 Debris Flow Measures in the Nachi River Basin [6]
		7.3.3 Restoration and Reconstruction Projects in Mie Prefecture
			7.3.3.1 Measures after a Large-Scale Slope Failure in the Higashimata Valley Area [9]
			7.3.3.2 Measures after a Large-Scale Slope Failure in the Kajiyamata Valley Area [9]
		7.3.4 Cultural Heritage Restoration and Reconstruction Projects [10]
	7.4 Summary
	References
8. Disaster-Prevention and Mitigation Measures Following the Kii Peninsula Disaster
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Disaster-Prevention and Mitigation Measures Based on the Kii Peninsula Disaster
		8.2.1 Monitoring Deep-Seated Landslide Risks in Totsukawa Village
		8.2.2 Flood and Inundation Measures Taken by Shingu City and Other Local Governments
			8.2.2.1 Non-structural Measures Based on Local Characteristics
			8.2.2.2 Structural Measures to Speed Up Reconstruction
		8.2.3 Development of Kiho Town's Version of a Timeline
			8.2.3.1 Effectiveness and Issues of Self-Help and Cooperation
			8.2.3.2 The Kiho Town Timeline in Mie Prefecture
	8.3 Initiatives by Road and Railway Operators
		8.3.1 Highway Slope Health Diagnosis System during Heavy Rainfall
		8.3.2 Examination of New Standards for Responses to Heavy Rainfalls on Train Operations
			8.3.2.1 The Summary of Standards for Regulating Responses to Heavy Rainfalls on JR West Train Operations
			8.3.2.2 Setting the Standards for Regulating the Response to Heavy Rainfalls on the JR West Train Operations
			8.3.2.3 Meteorological Hazard Management System
	8.4 Summary
	References
9. Response to Sediment and Flood Disasters Caused by "Unexpected" Heavy Rainfall and Lessons Learned
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Consider the "Unexpected"
	9.3 Recommendations on Disaster Forms
		9.3.1 Sediment Disasters
			9.3.1.1 Know the Relationship among Rainfall Patterns, Geologic Conditions, and Sediment Disasters
			9.3.1.2 Predict Sediment Disasters
			9.3.1.3 Build Partnerships for Sediment Disaster Mitigation
			9.3.1.4 Identify the Disaster Resilience of the Target Site and Utilize a Monitoring System
		9.3.2 Flood Disasters
			9.3.2.1 Learn from Past Flood Traces and History
			9.3.2.2 Pass on Local Flood Lore to Future Generations
			9.3.2.3 Recognize the Possibility That "Unexpected" Events May Occur
			9.3.2.4 Know the Capabilities and Limitations of Current Flood Protection Measures
			9.3.2.5 Know the Functions and Limitations of Facilities around Rivers during Floods
			9.3.2.6 Recognize the Importance of Facilities around Rivers during Floods
	9.4 Recommendations on External Forces That Caused the Disaster
		9.4.1 Rainfall
			9.4.1.1 Consider Disaster-Prevention Measures in Response to Rainfall Patterns
		9.4.2 River Water Level
			9.4.2.1 Analyze the Situation, and Build an Evacuation System Based on Rainfall Data over a Wider Area
	9.5 Recommendations for Disaster Emergency Response and Recovery Activities
		9.5.1 Establish a System That Allows Both the Public and Private Sectors to Respond Immediately to Assess the Actual Damage in the Event of a Large-Scale Disaster
		9.5.2 Establish a Disaster-Related Information Database
		9.5.3 Utilize the Experiences and Information of Those Who Have Responded to Disasters
		9.5.4  Organize a Manual for the Findings Related to Geological Investigations Accumulated at Large-Scale Slope Failure and Debris Flow Sites
	9.6 Proposals for Emergency Response Technologies
		9.6.1 Record and Preserve the Location and Magnitude of the Disasters
		9.6.2 Establish a Restoration Plan for the Facility Based on the Actual Disaster Conditions
		9.6.3 Evacuate to an Appropriate Evacuation Site in a Timely Manner
		9.6.4 Conduct Disaster Drills That Sustain Residents' Interest
	9.7 Proposals for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage
		9.7.1 Develop a Centralized Management System and Legislation for the Conservation of World Heritage Sites
		9.7.2 Form a Common Understanding of Cultural Heritage Disaster Prevention
		9.7.3 Improve the Efficiency of Cultural Heritage Maintenance Work
		9.7.4 Consider Crisis Management for Important Cultural Heritage
		9.7.5 Consider Cultural Heritage Disaster Prevention Multilateraly
		9.7.6 Improve the Level of Disaster Preparedness by Use of Monitoring Technology
		9.7.7 Create a Social Consensus That Cultural Heritage That Cannot Be Fully Restored Is also Valuable
	9.8 Recommendations for Local Residents
		9.8.1 Recognize That Disasters Can Occur Anywhere
		9.8.2 Prepare for Disasters on a Daily Basis
		9.8.3 Enhance Local Disaster Preparedness
		9.8.4 Communicate the Experience of the Disaster
		9.8.5 Consider Disasters as Tourism Resources
	9.9 Summary
	Reference
Index