Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes

Contents
1 Introduction page
	1.1 Process Intensification
	1.2 Review of Current Equipment Technologies
		1.2.1 Mixer Settlers
		1.2.2 Mixer Settler Design
	1.3 Mixer Settler Columns
	1.4 Continuous Column Contactors
	1.5 Rotary Contactors
		1.5.1 GEA Westfalia Rotary Extractors
	1.6 Oscillatory Flow Contactors
2 Droplets and Dispersions
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Drop Size: Discrete Drops
	2.3 Drop Motion
	2.4 Dispersions and Swarming Drops
	2.5 Drop Size in Stirred Tanks
	2.6 Dispersions in Continuous Liquid–Liquid Columns
	2.7 Dispersion and Coalescence Modeling: Quantitative Approach
3 Mass Transfer
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Single Droplet Systems
	3.3 Single Oscillating Droplets
	3.4 Single Drop Systems: Quantitative Approach
		3.4.1 Fluid Transport
		3.4.2 Mass Transport
	3.5 Marangoni Instabilities
	3.6 Stability Criteria
	3.7 Theoretical Modeling of Marangoni Disturbances
	3.8 Swarming Droplet Systems
4 Membrane-Based and Emulsion-Based Intensifications
	4.1 General Introduction
	4.2 Emulsions
	4.3 Surfactants and Emulsion Stability
	4.4 Hollow Fiber Technology and Pertraction
	4.5 Hybrid Liquid Membrane Systems
	4.6 Liquid Membrane Applications in Bioprocessing
	4.7 Membrane Emulsification
	4.8 Membrane-Based Extraction Processes/Liquid Membrane Processes
	4.9 Facilitated Transport
	4.10 Colloidal Liquid Aphrons
	4.11 Microextraction
	4.12 Recent Developments in Membrane Engineering
5 High Gravity Fields
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Spinning Disk Technology
	5.3 Impinging Jets
	5.4 Variants of the Spinning Disk Contactor
	5.5 Combined Field Contactors
	5.6 Modeling of Liquid–Liquid Systems in High Gravity Fields
		5.6.1 Fundamental Summary
		5.6.2 Modeling of Spinning Disc Contactors
		5.6.3 Modeling Spinning Disc Contactors: Impinging Jet Systems
	5.7 Spinning Tubes
	5.8 The Annular Centrifugal Contactor
	5.9 New Applications of High Gravity Systems
		5.9.1 Enantioselective Separations
		5.9.2 The Rotating Tubular Membrane
6 Electrically Driven Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Processes
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Summary of Fundamental Equations: Electrostatic Processes
		6.2.1 Coulomb’s Law
		6.2.2 Gauss’s Law
		6.2.3 Poisson’s Equation
		6.2.4 Electrically Charged Drops
	6.3 Electrokinetic Phenomena
	6.4 Drop Formation
	6.5 Discrete Drop Size
	6.6 Drop Motion in an Electrical Field: Discrete Drops
		6.6.1 Calculation of the Electrical Field
		6.6.2 Prediction of Drop Motion in an Electrical Field
	6.7 Electrostatic Dispersions (Sprays)
	6.8 Mass Transfer
	6.9 Interfacial Disturbance
	6.10 Interfacial Mass Transfer: Further Theoretical Aspects
	6.11 Applications and Scale-Up
7 Intensification of Liquid–Liquid Coalescence
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Interfacial Drainage, Drop Size, and Drop–Drop Interactions
	7.3 Probability Theory Applied to Coalescence Modeling
	7.4 Electrically Enhanced Coalescence
	7.5 Surfactants
	7.6 Electrolytes
	7.7 Phase Inversion for Enhanced Coalescence
	7.8 Ultrasonics
	7.9 Membranes and Filaments
8 Ionic Liquid Solvents and Intensification
	8.1 General Introduction to Ionic Liquids
	8.2 Ionic Liquids and Intensification
	8.3 Ionic Liquids as Reaction Media
	8.4 Toxicity
	8.5 Degradability
	8.6 Role of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis
9 Liquid–Liquid Phase-Transfer Catalysis
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Examples in Organic Synthesis
		9.2.1 Synthesis of Phenyl Alkyl Acetonitriles and Aryl Acetonitriles
		9.2.2 Synthesis of p-Chlorophenyl Acetonitrile
		9.2.3 Transfer Hydrogenation
		9.2.4 Alkylations
		9.2.5 Oxidations
		9.2.6 Nitrations
		9.2.7 Organic Polymerizations
		9.2.8 Pseudo-Phase-Transfer Catalysis
	Index