Intelligent Warfare: Prospects of Military Development in the Age of AI

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Translator’s Preface
Preface
Part I Theoretical Discussions
	1 Global Factors That Influence Warfare
		1.1 Reshaping the International Strategic Landscape
		1.2 Far-Reaching Impact of Scientific and Technological Development
		1.3 Global Interconnectivity Is Increasingly Rapidly Upgraded
		1.4 The Shaping of New Economic Forms
		1.5 Intensifying Competition for Natural Resources
		1.6 The Rapid Growth of Megacities
		1.7 Long-Standing Religious and Cultural Conflicts
		Note
		References
	2 The Future Trends of Warfare
		2.1 World Peace and Security as the Intrinsic Driving Forces
		2.2 The Disruptive Effect of Science and Technology
		2.3 The Overall Supporting Role of the Economy
		2.4 The Transition of Warfare Foundations and Conditions
		2.5 New Types of Operational Capabilities
			2.5.1 Cyber and Cognitive Confrontations
			2.5.2 Unmanned Swarm Operations
			2.5.3 Hypersonic Confrontations
			2.5.4 Cross-Domain Attacks and Defenses and Multi-Domain Fusion
			2.5.5 Integrated Defense
			2.5.6 Competitions Caused By Interdisciplinary Biological Technologies
			2.5.7 Open-Source Contentions and Exploitations
		2.6 The Reconfiguration of Strategic Deterrence
		2.7 Warfare Evolving Into a New Stage
		References
	3 The Transformation of Intelligent Warfare
		3.1 A Historical Glimpse of AI
			3.1.1 The Birth of AI (1940–1960)
			3.1.2 The Golden Age of AI (1960–1970)
			3.1.3 The Trough of AI (1970–1980)
			3.1.4 The Boom Period of AI (1980–1987)
			3.1.5 The Winter of AI (1987–1993)
			3.1.6 The Spring of AI (1993–2019)
		3.2 The Age of AI
			3.2.1 From Quantitative to Qualitative Changes
			3.2.2 Arrival of the Inflection Point
			3.2.3 Three Major Events
		3.3 From Land Power to Intelligence Power
			3.3.1 Land Power
			3.3.2 Sea Power
			3.3.3 Air Power
			3.3.4 Space Power
			3.3.5 Information Power
			3.3.6 Intelligence Power
		3.4 AI-Led Rules and Laws of Victory
			3.4.1 Evolution of the Form of Warfare
			3.4.2 The Essence and Dominant Role of Intelligence
			3.4.3 Kill Chain Acceleration
			3.4.4 Higher-Order Feature Reflected
		3.5 The Rising Role of Virtual Space
			3.5.1 Ubiquitous Interconnection
			3.5.2 Cyber Battlefield
			3.5.3 Virtual Practices
		3.6 Operational Patterns Dominated By Unmanned Vehicles
			3.6.1 Introduction to Unmanned Systems
			3.6.2 Three Stages of Unmanned Operations
			3.6.3 Trends in Autonomous Behaviors
			3.6.4 The Talisman of Humanity
		3.7 All-Domain Operations and Cross-Domain Attack and Defense
			3.7.1 The Concept of Innovative Operations
			3.7.2 From Joint to Integrated
		3.8 Human–AI Hybrid Decision-Making
			3.8.1 Decision-Making Revolution
			3.8.2 Human Brain + AI
		3.9 Non-Linear Amplification and Rapid Convergence
			3.9.1 Emergence Effects
			3.9.2 Operational Focus
		3.10 Organic and Symbiotic Human–Equipment Relationships
			3.10.1 Qualitative Changes in Equipment Patterns
			3.10.2 Separation of Physicality and Concentration of Mentality
			3.10.3 Management Reform
		3.11 Evolution By Self-Learning and Self-Confrontation
			3.11.1 Principles of Evolution
			3.11.2 Pathways of Evolution
		3.12 Intelligent Design and Manufacturing
			3.12.1 Challenges to the Tradition
			3.12.2 New Modes of Combat Effectiveness Generation
		3.13 Risk of Loss of Control
		3.14 Innovation in Inheritance
		3.15 Comprehensive Forms and Characteristics
			3.15.1 Shorter Duration and Greater Impact
			3.15.2 Front-Loaded Military Construction and Operations
			3.15.3 Virtual–Real Parallel Interactions
			3.15.4 Three “Chains” Underpinning War Victory
			3.15.5 New Capabilities Contributing to Asymmetric Advantages
			3.15.6 Unmanned Operations Breeding Civilized Warfare
		References
	4 Military Intelligence and Intelligent Technologies
		4.1 Basic Concepts
			4.1.1 Intelligence
			4.1.2 Artificial Intelligence
			4.1.3 Intelligent Systems
			4.1.4 Military Intelligence
			4.1.5 Military Intelligent Technologies
		4.2 Classification
			4.2.1 Functions
			4.2.2 Applications
			4.2.3 Technical Focuses
		4.3 Framework
			4.3.1 Fundamental Technologies
				4.3.1.1 Machine Learning
				4.3.1.2 Big Data Intelligence
				4.3.1.3 Transmedia Perception and Calculation
				4.3.1.4 Hybrid and Augmented Intelligence
				4.3.1.5 Swarm Intelligence
				4.3.1.6 Autonomous Cooperation and Optimal Decision-Making
				4.3.1.7 Brain-Like and Quantum Intelligent Computing
				4.3.1.8 Intelligent Chips and Systems
				4.3.1.9 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
				4.3.1.10 Interdisciplinary Biology
			4.3.2 Systematic Technologies
				4.3.2.1 Intelligent Combat System Architecture
				4.3.2.2 Cognitive Network Communication
				4.3.2.3 Deep Battlefield Cognition
				4.3.2.4 Distributed Intelligent Cloud for Command and Control
				4.3.2.5 Parallel Combat Simulation and Assessment
			4.3.3 Domain-Specific Technologies
				4.3.3.1 Intelligent Combat Vehicles
				4.3.3.2 Manned–Unmanned Cooperation
				4.3.3.3 Intelligent Precision Strikes
				4.3.3.4 Virtual Space and Intelligent Information Countermeasures
				4.3.3.5 Autonomous/Bionic Unmanned Swarms
				4.3.3.6 Anti-Hypersonic, Anti-Swarm, and Anti-Terrorist Technology
				4.3.3.7 Intelligent Security and Maintenance
		4.4 Expertise
			4.4.1 Machine Learning
				4.4.1.1 Concept
				4.4.1.2 Basic Structure
				4.4.1.3 Learning Strategies
				4.4.1.4 Representations
				4.4.1.5 Applications
				4.4.1.6 Comprehensive Classification
				4.4.1.7 Forms of Learning
				4.4.1.8 Research Fields
			4.4.2 Deep Learning
				4.4.2.1 Concept
				4.4.2.2 Connotations
				4.4.2.3 Issues
				4.4.2.4 Basic Ideas
				4.4.2.5 Key Technologies
				4.4.2.6 Applications
			4.4.3 Bionic Technology
				4.4.3.1 Concept
				4.4.3.2 Materials and Structures
				4.4.3.3 Sensing and Detection
				4.4.3.4 Navigation and Guidance
				4.4.3.5 Swarm Control
				4.4.3.6 Bionic Control
				4.4.3.7 Trends
			4.4.4 Swarm Intelligence
				4.4.4.1 Concept
				4.4.4.2 Background
				4.4.4.3 Basic Principles
				4.4.4.4 Features
				4.4.4.5 Typical Models
			4.4.5 Hybrid Intelligence
				4.4.5.1 Concept
				4.4.5.2 Forms
			4.4.6 Knowledge Graphs
				4.4.6.1 Concept
				4.4.6.2 Characteristics
				4.4.6.3 Improved Search Results
			4.4.7 Brain–Computer Interface
				4.4.7.1 Concept
				4.4.7.2 Background
				4.4.7.3 Basic Structure
				4.4.7.4 Classification
				4.4.7.5 Applications
			4.4.8 Mental State Assessment
				4.4.8.1 Concept
				4.4.8.2 Criteria
				4.4.8.3 Key Technologies
				4.4.8.4 Applications
		References
	5 AI-Based Intelligent Ecology
		5.1 AI Brain Systems
		5.2 Distributed Clouds
		5.3 Super Networks
			5.3.1 Space-Based Information Networks
			5.3.2 Military Mobile Communication Networks
			5.3.3 Data Links
			5.3.4 Novel Communications
			5.3.5 Civil Communication Infrastructures
		5.4 Collaborative Swarms
			5.4.1 Collaborative Advantages
			5.4.2 Cost Advantages
			5.4.3 Autonomous Advantages
			5.4.4 Decision-Making Advantages
		5.5 Cloud Terminals
		Reference
	6 Parallel Military and Intelligent Training
		6.1 Parallel Theory
		6.2 Parallel Military
			6.2.1 Knowing Oneself and One’s Enemy, and Foreseeing the Results Before the Battle Begins
			6.2.2 Developing a Strategy and Outwitting the Best With the Worst
			6.2.3 Interaction Between the Virtual and the Real Worlds, Using Virtuality to Promote Reality
			6.2.4 Winning Real Battles Through Virtuality
		6.3 Parallel Systems
		6.4 Virtual Battlefield Environment
		6.5 Parallel Soldiers
		6.6 Parallel Equipment
			6.6.1 Digitalized Virtual Equipment Systems
			6.6.2 Equipment Simulation Training Systems
			6.6.3 Parallel Equipment AI Systems
		6.7 Parallel Forces
		6.8 Virtual Staff Officers and Commanders
		6.9 Personnel Recruitment and Training
		References
	7 The Evolution of OSoS
		7.1 Ecological Chain
		7.2 Distribution and Diversity
		7.3 Parallel Processing and Storage
		7.4 Network Connectivity and Mutual Feedback
		7.5 Self-Repairing
		7.6 Self-Learning and Evolution
		7.7 Operation Rules
		7.8 Self-Adaptive Factory
		7.9 Survival of the Fittest
Part II Strategic and Tactical Applications
	8 Unmanned Operations
		8.1 Development of Unmanned Technology
		8.2 UAVs
		8.3 UGVs
		8.4 USVs and UUVs
		8.5 Bionic Robots
		8.6 Intelligent Ammunition
			8.6.1 Fully Modularized Flexible Ammunition
			8.6.2 Intelligent and Controllable Ammunition
			8.6.3 Guided Ammunition
		8.7 Unmanned Ground Operations
			8.7.1 Single Unmanned System Operation
			8.7.2 Manned–Unmanned Cooperative Ground Operations
			8.7.3 Low- and Medium-Altitude Manned–Unmanned Cooperative Operations
			8.7.4 Air–Ground Integrated Unmanned Operations
			8.7.5 Low- and Medium-Altitude UAV Swarm Operations
			8.7.6 Medium- and Long-Range Loitering/End-Sensitive Missile Swarm Operations
			8.7.7 UGV Swarm Coordinated Operations
			8.7.8 Human–Robot Mixed Formation Operations
			8.7.9 Unattended Ground Systems
		8.8 Unmanned Marine Operations
			8.8.1 Single Unmanned System Operation at Sea
			8.8.2 Manned–Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cooperative Operations at Sea
			8.8.3 3D Unmanned Sea-To-Ground Attacks
			8.8.4 3D Unmanned Attacks Against Ships
			8.8.5 3D Unmanned Attacks Against Submarines
			8.8.6 Unmanned Air-To-Sea Operations
			8.8.7 Maritime Unmanned Swarm Operations
			8.8.8 Sea–Air Integrated Unmanned Operations
			8.8.9 Unmanned Marine Operation System
			8.8.10 Cross-Media Unmanned Maritime Operations
		8.9 Unmanned Aerial Operations
			8.9.1 Single UAV Operations
			8.9.2 Manned–Unmanned Cooperative Aerial Operations Supported By Loyal Wingman
			8.9.3 Early-Warning Aircraft + Mixed Formation Aerial Operations
			8.9.4 Manned–Unmanned Coordinated Ground Operations
			8.9.5 Air-Launched UAV Swarm Operations
			8.9.6 Air–Ground Integrated Unmanned Ground Attacks
			8.9.7 Anti-Stealth, Anti-Hypersonic, and Anti-Swarm Operations
		8.10 Space and Cross-Domain Unmanned Operations
			8.10.1 Space-Based Controllable Unmanned Operations
			8.10.2 Land–Sea–Air–Space Integrated Defense
			8.10.3 Suborbital High-Speed Space-To-Ground/Sea Strike
			8.10.4 Near-Space Information Support and Strike
		8.11 Autonomous Swarm Operations
			8.11.1 Swarm Effects and Advantages
			8.11.2 R&D Goals of Swarm Systems
			8.11.3 Multi-Vehicle and Multi-Task Cooperation
			8.11.4 Communication Between Swarm Vehicles
			8.11.5 Swarm Control Theory and Algorithm
			8.11.6 Swarm Attack Vehicles and Ammunition
		8.12 Human–Computer Intelligent Interaction
		8.13 UAV Warfare in Turkish–Syrian and Nagorno-Karabakh Conflicts
		8.14 Intelligence in Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
		References
	9 Cyberspace Operations
		9.1 Cyberspace
			9.1.1 The System Domain
				9.1.1.1 Network Module and Structure
				9.1.1.2 Protocols and Data Packets
			9.1.2 The Content and Application Domain
				9.1.2.1 Content Storage
				9.1.2.2 Application Architecture
			9.1.3 The Human and Social Domain
			9.1.4 The Governance Domain
		9.2 Cyber Information
		9.3 Cyber Battlefield
		9.4 Cyber Attack
			9.4.1 Spyware
			9.4.2 Bot Software
			9.4.3 Phishing
			9.4.4 “Puddle” Attack
			9.4.5 USB Flash Drive Infection
			9.4.6 Packet Flooding as a Denial-Of-Service (DoS) Attack
			9.4.7 Critical Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
		9.5 Cyber Defense
			9.5.1 Web-Based Defense
				9.5.1.1 Firewall
				9.5.1.2 Web-Based Intrusion Detection System
				9.5.1.3 Web-Based Intrusion Prevention System
				9.5.1.4 Network Encryption
			9.5.2 Host-Based Defense
				9.5.2.1 Anti-Malware Tools
				9.5.2.2 Host-Based Intrusion Prevention System
				9.5.2.3 Host-Based Encrypted Files
			9.5.3 Security Tactics
				9.5.3.1 Response Plans
				9.5.3.2 Terminal System Security Mechanisms
				9.5.3.3 User-Centered Security Tactics
				9.5.3.4 Network Security
				9.5.3.5 Security Assessment and Patch Management
			9.5.4 Next-Generation Defensive Measures
		9.6 Electromagnetic Attack and Defense
		9.7 Public Opinion Control
		9.8 The Future of Internet and IoT
			9.8.1 Virtualization
			9.8.2 High-Performance Computing
			9.8.3 IPv6
			9.8.4 Blockchain
			9.8.5 Embedded Sensing and IoT
			9.8.6 Multi-Source Information Fusion
		9.9 New Models and Trends
		References
	10 Hypersonic Confrontation
		10.1 Hypersonic Operations
		10.2 Hypersonic Weapons and Munitions
		10.3 Hypersonic Aircraft
			10.3.1 X-51A Hypersonic Aircraft
				10.3.1.1 Pneumatics
				10.3.1.2 Heat Resistance
				10.3.1.3 Supercombustion Stamping
				10.3.1.4 Ignition Technology
				10.3.1.5 Fuel Technology
			10.3.2 SR-72 Hypersonic Reconnaissance and Strike (R/S) UAVs
			10.3.3 Bomber B-3
		10.4 Directed Energy Weapons and Electromagnetic Cannons
			10.4.1 High-Power Microwave Weapons
			10.4.2 Solid-State Laser Tactical Weapons
			10.4.3 Electromagnetic Cannons
		10.5 Intelligent Hypersonic Attacks
		10.6 Intelligent Hypersonic Defense
		References
	11 Joint All-Domain and Cross-Domain Operations
		11.1 Battlefield Expansion and Force Synergy
		11.2 Multi-Domain Warfare
			11.2.1 Motives
			11.2.2 Concept
			11.2.3 Mechanisms
			11.2.4 Characteristics
			11.2.5 Measures
		11.3 Joint All-Domain Operations
		11.4 Cross-Geographic Domain Operations
			11.4.1 X-37B Reusable Orbiter
			11.4.2 Submersible Aircraft and Air–Water Strike Vehicles
			11.4.3 Long-Range Gliding Air–Sea Cooperative Operational Aircraft
		11.5 Cross-Functional Domain Operations
			11.5.1 Virtual and Physical Fusion Operations
			11.5.2 Cross-Domain Intelligence Support
			11.5.3 Cross-Domain Command and Control With Interoperability
			11.5.4 Cross-Domain Fire Support
			11.5.5 Cross-Domain Defense
			11.5.6 Cross-Domain Support
			11.5.7 Land-Based Multi-Domain Joint Operations
		11.6 Intelligent Focus
			11.6.1 Joint Mission Planning
			11.6.2 Cross-Domain Intelligence
			11.6.3 Military Effectiveness Expansion
			11.6.4 Intelligent Collaboration of Operation Forces
			11.6.5 Unified Standard Specifications
		References
	12 Cognitive Confrontation
		12.1 Perceptual Confrontation
		12.2 Data Mining
		12.3 Decision-Making Competition
		12.4 Key Target Monitoring
		12.5 Social Media Warfare
		12.6 Psychological Warfare and Mind Confrontation
		References
	13 Global Military Operations
		13.1 World Powers’ Strategic Demands
		13.2 Global Information Network System
		13.3 Space-Based Resources Application and Control
		13.4 Strategic Delivery and Rapid Action
		13.5 Consumption of Overseas Operations
		13.6 New Developments in Overseas Forces
		13.7 Intelligent Global Action
			13.7.1 Operation Simulations
			13.7.2 Multi-Source Intelligent Perception
			13.7.3 Dynamic Mission Planning
			13.7.4 Intelligent Remote Logistics
			13.7.5 Operational Cooperation
		References
	14 Future Urban Operations
		14.1 Introduction: Failure-Related Lessons
			14.1.1 Black Hawk Down
			14.1.2 Grozny Street Battles
		14.2 Urban Constructions
			14.2.1 Urban Layouts
			14.2.2 Urban Terrain
			14.2.3 Urban Functions
				14.2.3.1 Industrial Districts
				14.2.3.2 High-Rise Areas
				14.2.3.3 Residential Areas
				14.2.3.4 Commercial Districts
				14.2.3.5 Military Zones
			14.2.4 Urban Infrastructures
			14.2.5 Urban Population
			14.2.6 Urban Information
		14.3 Urban Operations
		14.4 Multi-Domain Reconnaissance and Perception
		14.5 Multi-Dimensional Block Control and Precision Operations
		14.6 Virtual and Cross-Domain Operations
		14.7 Theoretical and Technical Support
		References
	15 Gray Zone Operations
		15.1 Network Infrastructure Protection
		15.2 Power Protection
		15.3 Petroleum and Natural Gas Security
		15.4 Food Chain Management
		15.5 Competition for Traffic Lines
		15.6 Financial System Risks
		15.7 Military Industrial Security
		References
	16 Intelligent Construction and Evaluation
		16.1 Cyber Contribution
			16.1.1 Network Power
			16.1.2 Data Power
			16.1.3 Computing Power
		16.2 Parallel Intelligence
		16.3 Autonomy
		16.4 Swarming
		16.5 Quick Chain
		16.6 Emergence Effects
		16.7 Controllability
			16.7.1 Precision Strike and Controllable Damage
			16.7.2 Key Target Tracking and Influencing
			16.7.3 Precise Control of Infrastructures
			16.7.4 Risk Management for Unmanned Systems
		16.8 Economy
		16.9 Side Effects
			16.9.1 Data Redundancy
			16.9.2 Energy Consumption
			16.9.3 Privacy Leakage
			16.9.4 Security Risks
			16.9.5 Social Ethics
		References
	Concluding Remarks: Is There a Bright Future?
	Postscript
Index