Intelligent Tutoring Systems: 18th International Conference, ITS 2022, Bucharest, Romania, June 29 – July 1, 2022, Proceedings

Preface
Organization
Contents
Tools and Methods for Learning Sciences and Practices
Comparative Evaluation of EduClust and Its Transfer to a Virtual Reality Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Evaluation
		3.1 Experiment Design
		3.2 Hypotheses
		3.3 Results
		3.4 Discussion
	4 VRClust
	5 Conclusion
	References
Function Execution Log Based Judgment System for Arduino Learning Practice
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Function Execution Log Based Judgment System
		3.1 System Overview
		3.2 Fritzing Based HW Configuration
		3.3 Function Execution Log
	4 Judge Method
		4.1 HW Check Condition
		4.2 Test Case Description
	5 Judge Experiment
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Hybrid Approach for Mitigating Learners’ Rogue Review Behavior in Peer Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 A Mechanism for Mitigating Rogue Review Behavior
		3.1 Student Perspective
		3.2 Teacher Perspective
	4 Rogue Reviews Analysis: Pilot Study
		4.1 Context of Study
		4.2 Results Analysis
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
DeepCode: An Annotated Set of Instructional Code Examples to Foster Deep Code Comprehension and Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 A Working Example
	4 The DeepCode Annotation Guidelines
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Cross-Cutting Support of Making and Explaining Decisions in Intelligent Tutoring Systems Using Cognitive Maps of Knowledge Diagnosis
	1 Introduction and Related Works
	2 Method
	3 Case Study
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Covering Possible Reasoning Errors for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Order of Expression Evaluation Case
	1 Introduction and Related Work
	2 Method of Identifying Possible Errors
	3 Case Study: Order of Expression Evaluation
	4 Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Handshape Recognition in an Educational Game for Finger Alphabet Practicing
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Method Description
		3.1 Determining Hand Skeletons
		3.2 Pompeiu-Hausdorff Distance
		3.3 Optimization Problem Definition
	4 Method Evaluation
		4.1 Datasets Used
		4.2 Parameter Settings
		4.3 Results
		4.4 Discussion
	5 Educational Game
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Comparing Alternative Approaches to Debriefing in a Tool to Support Peer-Led Simulation-Based Training
	1 Project Goals
	2 MedDbriefer
	3 Two Approaches to Automated Debriefings
	References
Ontological Reference Model for Piloting Procedures
	1 Introduction
	2 Task Execution Model: Issues and Related Work
	3 Structure of the Reference Model
	4 Results
		4.1 The Task Ontology
		4.2 The Domain Ontology
	5 Conclusion
	References
Towards Adaptive Coaching in Piloting Tasks: Learning Pilots' Behavioral Profiles from Flight Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Experiment 1: General Clustering
		4.1 Findings
	5 Experiment 2: Clustering According to Flight Segments
		5.1 Results
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
LORD: A Moodle Plug-in Helps to Find the Relations Among Learning Objects
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Background
		2.1 Behaviour Analytics Moodle Plug-in
		2.2 Semantic Similarity
	3 Similarity Calculation
	4 Learning Object Relation Discovery Moodle Plug-in
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Deep Knowledge Tracing on Skills with Small Datasets
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief Review of the Deep Knowledge Tracing
	3 Penalization of Loss Function
	4 Combining a Bayesian Network with the DKT
	5 Experiments
		5.1 Logic Muse
		5.2 Dataset
		5.3 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Algorithms for Prediction, Recommendation and Classification in Learning Systems
A Learning Analytics Approach to Build Learner Profiles Within the Educational Game OMEGA+
	1 Introduction
	2 OMEGA+
	3 Learning Analytics Approach
		3.1 Data Retrieval
		3.2 Data Preparation
		3.3 Algorithm
		3.4 Visualization and Analysis
	4 Validation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Design and Evaluation of a Competency-Based Recommendation Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Project and Motivation
	3 Competency-Based Personalization
	4 Personalized Recommendation of Resources
		4.1 Strategy ComPer - A Strategy Independent of Level and Subject
		4.2 Recommendation Process
	5 Experiment in Shell Programming
		5.1 Experimental Settings
		5.2 Collected Data
		5.3 Analysis Performed on the Collected Data
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
A Classification Approach to Recognize On-Task Student’s Behavior for Context Aware Recommendations
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Solution
		3.1 Description of the student’s Behaviour: The Mode of Reasoning and the Degree of Activity
		3.2 Learning Steps
		3.3 Classification and Evaluation
	4 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Automated Classification of Argumentative Components in Students’ Essays
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Argument Annotation
		2.2 Classification of Argumentative Components
	3 Method
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Annotation
		3.3 Selected Text Features for Classification
		3.4 Experimental Setup
	4 Results
		4.1 Model Evaluation
		4.2 Feature Importance
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Classification Performance
		5.2 Implications for Generating Feedback for Students’ Argumentative Writing
	6 Conclusion
	References
Evaluating the Effect of Imperfect Data in Voice Emotion Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Datasets
		2.2 Feature Sets
		2.3 Classifiers
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Considering TESS, RAVDESS and SAVEE Datasets
		3.2 Considering TESS, RAVDESS, SAVEE and Part of the Custom Dataset
	4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Application of 3D Human Pose Estimation for Behavioral Reproduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Our Approach
		3.1 3D Keypoints Estimation
		3.2 Behavior Reconstruction
		3.3 Applications in Learning
	4 Experiments
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation Test Generation Model Using Degrees of Difficulty and Keywords
	1 Introduction
	2 Initial Conditions
	3 Algorithm Description
		3.1 Terms Used and Definitions
		3.2 Generating Initial Population
		3.3 Fitness Function
		3.4 Mutation
		3.5 Crossover
		3.6 Algorithm Workflow
	4 Conclusion and Results
	References
Double-Layer Controller for Detecting Learners’ Erroneous Knowledge in Database Programming
	1 Introduction
	2 Double-Layer Controller Architecture
		2.1 Syntax Error Control Operator
		2.2 Logical Error Control Operator
	3 Evaluation Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Identifying Metacognitive Processes Using Trace Data in an Open-Ended Problem-Solving Learning Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 OELE Context: MEttLE
	3 Literature Synthesis
	4 Research Methodology
		4.1 Study Design
		4.2 Data Analysis
		4.3 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Multiclass Classification of Phase-Level Data
		5.2 One-Vs-All Classification of Phase-Level Data
		5.3 One-Vs-All Classification of Phase-Level Data After Upsampling
		5.4 One-Vs-All Classification of Process-Level Data After Upsampling
	6 Conclusion
	References
Intervention Prediction in MOOCs Based on Learners’ Comments: A Temporal Multi-input Approach Using Deep Learning and Transformer Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Intervention Model
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Not Another Hardcoded Solution to the Student Dropout Prediction Problem: A Novel Approach Using Genetic Algorithms for Feature Selection
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Preprocessing
		2.2 Feature Selection
		2.3 Dropout Prediction via Neural Network
	3 Experiments and Discussion
		3.1 Experiment 1: Feature Selection Using SVM and Genetic Algorithms
		3.2 Experiment 2: Students' Dropout Prediction
	4 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Tutoring and Learning Systems: New Approaches, Frameworks, and Theories
Equitable Access to Intelligent Tutoring Systems Through Paper-Digital Integration
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Paper-Digital Integration System
	3 Related Work
	4 Research Questions
	5 Handwriting Data
	6 Analysis
	7 Discussion
	8 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
“See the Image in Different Contexts”: Using Reverse Image Search to Support the Identification of Fake News in Instagram-Like Social Media
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Human-Oriented Approaches to Dealing with Fake News
		2.2 Awareness Tools
		2.3 Learning Companion Systems
	3 Approach
		3.1 System Components and Architecture
		3.2 Reverse Image Search Module (RIS)
	4 Scenario for Trials
	5 User Evaluation
	6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
A Theory Based Adaptive Pedagogical Agent in a Reading App for Primary Students - A User Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background and Related Work
		2.1 Theory on Motivation in Learning
		2.2 Educational Mobile Apps
		2.3 Learning to Read with Technology Support
		2.4 Pedagogical Agents
	3 Contribution
	4 Learning Environment
		4.1 Application and Target Group
		4.2 Modeling of Agent Behavior and App Design According to ARCS Model
	5 User Study
		5.1 Participants
		5.2 Measures
		5.3 Procedure
	6 Results
	7 Discussion
		7.1 Limitations and Future Work
	8 Conclusion
	References
Intelligent Tutor for Designing Function Interface in a Programming Language
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Approach to Teaching Designing Function Interface
	4 Tutor Implementation and Evaluation
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Effects of Guidance on Learning About Ill-defined Problems
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief Description of the VERA Online Laboratory
	3 Experimental Design
		3.1 Participants
		3.2 Procedure
		3.3 Group A: Guided Learning
		3.4 Group B: Self-Exploration
		3.5 Problem-Solving Task
	4 Data Analysis
		4.1 Outcome Measures
		4.2 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
MEMORABLE: A Multi-playEr custoMisable seriOus Game fRAmework for cyBer-security LEarning
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 MEMORABLE: A Customisable Serious Game Framework
		3.1 Game Element Management Panels
		3.2 A Prototype Multi-player Game: ``Cyberpoly''
	4 Results
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 Student and Teacher Feedback
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Improving Program Matching to Automatically Repair Introductory Programs
	1 Introduction
	2 The Automated Program Repairer CLARA
		2.1 Model, Locations and Expressions
		2.2 Single Function Matching and Repair
	3 Modifications to AST Processing and Interpreting
	4 Approximate Graph Matching
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Gamification, User-Centered Design and Learning Objectives as the Basis for a Minigame-Based Cardiovascular Anatomy ITS
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Game Descriptions
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Investigating Clues for Estimating Near-Future Collaborative Work Execution State Based on Learners' Behavioural Data During Collaborative Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Materials and Systems
		2.3 Procedure
		2.4 Independent Variables
		2.5 Analysis
	3 Discussions and Conclusion
	References
Selfit v2 – Challenges Encountered in Building a Psychomotor Intelligent Tutoring System
	1 Introduction
	2 Selfit Version 2 – An ITS for Psychomotor Strength Skills Development
		2.1 The OntoStrength Ontology
		2.2 The Selfit v2 Anatomical Adaptation Tutoring System
		2.3 The Selfit v2 Graphical User Interface
	3 Discussions on Encountered Challenges
		3.1 Challenges in Knowledge Representation
		3.2 Challenges in Self-improving Tutoring
		3.3 Challenges in Interactions with the Trainee
		3.4 Preliminary User Testing
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Integrating Speech Technology into the iSTART-Early Intelligent Tutoring System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 iSTART-Early
	2 Integration of Speech Technologies into iSTART-Early
		2.1 The Process Flow
		2.2 Automated Speech Recognition Interface
		2.3 Text-To-Speech: Audio Collection Integration
		2.4 Key Features of the ASR and Text-To-Speech Interface
	3 Initial Evaluation of Speech Technologies into ISTART-Early
		3.1 Adult Pilot Study
	4 Future Work/Next Steps
	References
iSTART-Early: Interactive Strategy Training for Early Readers
	1 Introduction
	2 Technological Foundations of iSTART-Early
	3 Core Components of iSTART-Early
		3.1 Background Story and Goals
		3.2 Lessons
		3.3 Games
		3.4 Texts
		3.5 Automated Speech Recognition (ASR)
		3.6 Text-to-Speech
		3.7 Teacher Interface
	4 Conclusion
	References
Author Index