Intelligent Networks: Recent Approaches and Applications in Medical Systems

Front Cover......Page 1
Intelligent Networks: Recent Approaches and Applications in Medical Systems......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Current Technological Foundation......Page 14
About the Author......Page 18
About the Book......Page 20
1 Current Technological Foundation......Page 26
1.1 Introduction......Page 28
1.2 Silicon and Pentium in Processors......Page 29
1.4 Impact of Computer Systems......Page 30
1.5 Impact of Networks......Page 31
1.5.1 Fiber Optics in Networks......Page 32
1.5.2 Transmission in Optical Network......Page 33
1.6 OSI Standards and ATM Technology......Page 40
1.7 Conclusions......Page 41
References......Page 42
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2 Earlier Processor Designs......Page 46
2.3 Input/Output Processors......Page 48
2.4 Display/Graphics Processor Units......Page 50
2.5 NPUs and Array Processors......Page 53
2.6 Digital Signal Processors......Page 54
2.7 Recent Processors......Page 55
2.8 Digital Object-Processing Environments......Page 60
2.9.2 Design Variation of OPUs......Page 61
2.9.3 From CPUS to OPUs......Page 63
2.10 Knowledge Processor Units......Page 64
2.11 The Microknowledge Processor Unit......Page 68
2.11.2 Effect of Grouping of NOs......Page 70
2.11.3 Architecture of a Convolver......Page 71
2.12 Micromedical Processing......Page 74
2.13 Conclusions......Page 76
References......Page 77
3.1 Introduction......Page 78
3.2 Switching Systems in Services Networks......Page 79
3.2.1 Local Switching Environments......Page 80
3.2.3 Number 4ESS......Page 81
3.2.4 Number 5ESS......Page 82
3.2.5 Switching in ATM and Sonet Environments......Page 84
3.3.1 Signaling in the Communication Environment......Page 86
3.3.2 Applications of Signaling......Page 87
3.3.3.1 DC Signaling......Page 88
3.4 Protocol and Interfaces......Page 89
3.4.1 IN Environments......Page 90
3.4.3 ATM-Based Signaling......Page 92
3.5 OSI and ATM......Page 95
3.5.1 AAL Functions......Page 96
3.6 TCS Functions......Page 97
3.7 ATM as a Global Standard......Page 98
3.7.2 ATM Switch and DS-N Rates......Page 99
3.7.5 ATM and Earlier Data Networks......Page 100
References......Page 101
2 Intelligent Network Environments......Page 102
4.2 Traditional Copper Media......Page 104
4.2.1 Wire-Pairs......Page 106
4.2.3 Twisted Wire-Pairs......Page 107
4.2.6 Wire-Pairs for High-Speed Data Services......Page 108
4.3.1 CATV Network Topology......Page 109
4.4 CATV Signal Quality......Page 111
4.6 Hybrid Fiber Coax Systems......Page 112
4.7.2 Abuse of Intelligent Networks and Medical Machines......Page 115
References......Page 116
5.1 Introduction......Page 118
5.2.2 Effects of Absorption......Page 121
5.2.3 Effects of Scattering......Page 122
5.3.1 Physical Features......Page 123
5.5 Effect of Larger Core Diameter......Page 124
5.5.1 Effects of Optical Energy Distribution in a Waveband......Page 125
5.6 From Glass to Plastic......Page 127
5.7 Conclusions......Page 129
References......Page 130
6.1 Introduction......Page 132
6.2 Wireless Technology from Older Networks......Page 133
6.3 Modes of Operation in Older Technologies......Page 134
6.4 American Perspective (Older Technologies)......Page 136
6.5 European Perspective (Older Technologies)......Page 138
6.7 Technological Perspective......Page 141
6.7.1 Transmission Considerations......Page 142
6.8 Wireless Technologies in Other Networks......Page 143
6.8.3 Spread Spectrum Transmission......Page 144
6.8.6 Mobile Satellite......Page 145
6.8.10 Radio Frequency......Page 146
6.9.1 Modulation......Page 147
6.9.2 Interference......Page 148
6.10 Integrated Technologies and Intelligent Platforms......Page 149
References......Page 150
7.1 Introduction......Page 152
7.2 Objectives......Page 154
7.3 Configurations......Page 155
7.4 Five-Layer TCP/IP Reference Model......Page 156
7.5 Evolving NGMN Capacity and Configurations......Page 158
7.5.1 Third-Generation Partnership Project......Page 159
7.5.3 Evolved Packet Core......Page 160
7.7 Conclusions......Page 161
7.A.1 General Acronyms in Wireless......Page 162
7.A.2 Acronyms in Modern Wireless Networks......Page 164
Additional References for NGMN......Page 165
3 Intelligent Medical Environments......Page 166
8.1.1 Packet-Switching Phenomenon......Page 168
8.1.2 Explosive Growth......Page 169
8.1.5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode and Methodology......Page 170
8.1.7 Backbone Networks to Network Clouds......Page 171
8.2.1 Basic Building Blocks......Page 172
8.2.1.2 Service Control Point......Page 173
8.2.1.3 Signal Transfer Point......Page 174
8.2.1.5 Intelligent Peripheral......Page 175
8.3.2 Evolutionary Aspects of American Networks......Page 178
8.3.3.1 Early British Telecom in Digital Derived Services Network......Page 179
8.3.3.3 Early Societa Italiana per l’Esercizo and Azienda di Stato per i Servizi Telefonici in Italy......Page 181
8.3.4 INCM for Generic World Wide INS......Page 182
8.3.5 Major Events Encompassing INCM......Page 184
8.4 The Evolved SS7......Page 186
8.5.2 Commonality and Consistency of INS......Page 189
8.6 Switching in Toll Environments......Page 191
8.6.1.2 The Role of CCIS6......Page 194
8.6.1.4 Billing Validation and Calling Card Services......Page 195
8.6.1.5 International 800 Service......Page 196
8.6.1.9 The Advanced 800 Service......Page 197
8.7 AT&T’s Role in Evolution of INs......Page 202
8.7.1 The Switched Network and New Architectures......Page 203
8.7.3 Universal Information Services Network......Page 204
8.7.4.1 SSPs in UISN......Page 206
8.7.4.3 SCP in UISN......Page 207
8.7.5 Two-Tier Services Architecture in UISN......Page 208
8.7.8 Customer Interface for UISN......Page 209
8.8.1 Intelligent Networks (IN/1, IN/1+, IN/2, IN/N)......Page 210
8.8.2 Design Details of Bellcore’s IN/2......Page 211
8.8.2.1 Elements of IN/2......Page 212
8.8.2.2 Architecture of IN/2......Page 213
8.8.2.4 Service-Switching Point/2......Page 218
8.8.2.6 NID (Resident at SSP/2 and/or SCP/2 and/or IP)......Page 219
8.8.2.10 Evolving SLPs......Page 220
8.8.3 Hardware Aspects......Page 221
8.8.4.1 Signal Transfer Points......Page 222
8.8.4.3 Operations Systems (SMS/2 and SCE)......Page 223
8.9 Overview of Public Domain INS......Page 224
8.9.2 Tsunami Early Warning System......Page 225
8.10 Conclusions......Page 228
References......Page 229
9.1 Introduction......Page 232
9.2.1 MMs Concepts......Page 235
9.2.2.2 Elementary Knowledge/Medical Operations......Page 237
9.2.2.3 Procedural Steps in Medical Processing......Page 240
9.2.4 Effect of Medical Processing......Page 241
9.2.5 Practical Use of MMs......Page 242
9.3.1 Simplest MPUs......Page 245
9.3.2 Features of Medical Processors......Page 246
9.4 Evolution of Medical KBs......Page 248
9.5 Design Variations of the MPU......Page 249
9.5.1 Subprocedure Instructions......Page 250
9.5.2.1 Remote MPUs......Page 251
9.6 Microprogramming in Medical Field......Page 252
9.6.1 Medical Procedures and Micro-MPU Programs......Page 253
9.6.2 Architecture of a Micro-MPU and Medical Code......Page 256
9.6.3 Micromedical Instruction Execution......Page 259
9.6.4 Mapping Medical and Internet Functions......Page 262
References......Page 263
10.1 Introduction......Page 266
10.2 Requirements of MMs......Page 267
10.2.2 The OPU(s)-Based Object Computers......Page 268
10.2.3 The KPU(s)-Based Knowledge Machines......Page 269
10.2.5 Structure of a Medical Processor Unit(s)-Based MM......Page 271
10.3.2 Medical Computer Architecture......Page 273
10.3.2.2 Output Aspects......Page 275
10.3.2.3 Processor Speed, Confidence Level, and Patient Load......Page 276
10.4 Knowledge-Based Medical Facilities......Page 277
10.5 Communication of Medical Information......Page 278
10.6 Network Configurations Based on INs......Page 280
10.6.2 Merits of Traditional IN and MSP-Based IN......Page 281
10.6.3 The Proposed MSP Network Configuration......Page 282
10.6.4 Relative Merits of MSP-Based Network Compared to the Internet......Page 283
10.6.5 Knowledge-Based Programmable MSP-Based Network Architectures......Page 285
10.7.1 Human Factors......Page 288
10.7.2 Computation and Communication Factors......Page 289
10.8 Medical Applications of Supercomputers......Page 290
10.8.1 Medical Supercomputers......Page 291
10.8.2 Design of a Medical Computer......Page 292
10.10 Intelligent Medical Environments......Page 294
10.11 Conclusions......Page 295
References......Page 296
11.2 History and Background of MPUs......Page 298
11.3 Medical Knowledge Bases......Page 300
11.4.2 Display/Graphics Processor Units......Page 302
11.4.3 Object Processor Units......Page 304
11.5 Knowledge Processor Units......Page 306
11.6.1 Medical Processor Units......Page 309
11.6.3 Intelligent Medical Computers......Page 310
11.7 Conclusions......Page 313
References......Page 314
12.1 Introduction......Page 316
12.2 Customized MW Layer......Page 317
12.4 The Machine Component of Medical Machines......Page 319
12.4.1 Traditional Computer for Data and Logical Entities......Page 321
12.4.3 The Medical Computer for Medical Environments......Page 322
12.4.4 The Medical Computer System......Page 324
12.5 Comparison of the Software Arrangements......Page 325
12.5.1 Human Interactions with Medical Machines......Page 327
12.5.2 Typical Deployment of Medical Networks......Page 328
12.6 Conclusions......Page 330
References......Page 331
List of Abbreviations......Page 332